Epidemiological aspects of filariosis in dogs on the coast of Paraná state, Brazil: with emphasis on Dirofilaria immitis

• Published in: Veterinary parasitology 2004-08, Vol.122 (4), p.273-286
• Main Authors: Reifur, Larissa, Thomaz-Soccol, Vanete, Montiani-Ferreira, Fabiano
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; antigen detection; Antigens, Helminth - analysis; Brazil; Brazil - epidemiology; diagnostic techniques; Dipetalonema - isolation & purification; Dipetalonema Infections - epidemiology; Dipetalonema Infections - veterinary; Dipetalonema reconditum; Dirofilaria - immunology; Dirofilaria - isolation & purification; Dirofilaria immitis; Dirofilaria immitis - immunology; Dirofilaria immitis - isolation & purification; dirofilariasis; Dirofilariasis - diagnosis; Dirofilariasis - diagnostic imaging; Dirofilariasis - epidemiology; disease diagnosis; disease prevalence; Dog Diseases - diagnosis; Dog Diseases - diagnostic imaging; Dog Diseases - epidemiology; Dogs; epidemiological studies; Epidemiology; Female; geographical distribution; heartworms; Male; Microfilariae; Prevalence; Radiography; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Serology; Ultrasonography
• ISSN: 0304-4017; 1873-2550
• DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.05.017

The present study determined the prevalence and geographical distribution of Dirofilaria immitis and other filariae, from dogs in littoral areas of Paraná state, in Brazil. This survey spanned eight months, between 1998 and 1999, and was also designed to compare the efficacy of different tests for diagnosis of heartworm infection in that area. Blood samples were collected from 256 native-owned dogs distributed along the Paraná coastal area. Five diagnostic procedures were used: direct smear examination, the Knott’s modified test, filtration assay, and two heartworm antigen detection kits. A follow-up imaging exam was performed to support the heartworm diagnosis. The imaging diagnosis included radiographic and ultrasonographic exams of six dogs that had positive results for the heartworm antigen detection kits, but showed different microfilarial burdens. The presence and severity of radiographic and ultrasonographic signs were compared with the results obtained in microfilariae detection and antigen tests. Diagnostic parasitology results indicated that 31.25% of the dogs were microfilaremic. Three different microfilariae were recovered: D. immitis, Dipetalonema reconditum, and the third (mf3) was not identified. D. reconditum was the species with the highest prevalence: 22.6%. In general, D. immitis prevalence was 5.47% (28.57% occult infections), but it varied along the coast and the range was from 0 to 20%. No correlation could be established between the overall scores for microfilarial counts (small or large numbers) and the severity of radiographic results or the likelihood of detecting filariae in the pulmonary artery using echocardiography. The finding of a different type of microfilaria (mf) suggested the existence of a third species in Paraná state, whose prevalence was 4.68%. These results show that to obtain a reliable diagnosis of heartworm infection, antigen detection kits are indicated. Knott’s test or filtration should be performed to confirm microfilaremia and not for diagnosis of heartworm infection. Imaging tests support parasitology exams and add more about severity of infection. The northern areas, specially Guaraqueçaba and Ilha das Peças, presented the highest number of heartworm-infected dogs.