Spontaneous Axial Myopia and Emmetropization in a Strain of Wild-Type Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)

• Published in: Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2009-03, Vol.50 (3), p.1013-1019
• Main Authors: Jiang, Liqin, Schaeffel, Frank, Zhou, Xiangtian, Zhang, Sen, Jin, Xi, Pan, Miaozhen, Ye, Lingying, Wu, Xiaomin, Huang, Qinzhu, Lu, Fan, Qu, Jia
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Accommodation, Ocular - physiology; Animals; Anisometropia - genetics; Anisometropia - physiopathology; Biological and medical sciences; Cornea - pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Eye and associated structures. Visual pathways and centers. Vision; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Guinea Pigs; Medical sciences; Myopia - genetics; Myopia - physiopathology; Ophthalmology; Pupil Disorders - genetics; Pupil Disorders - physiopathology; Refraction, Ocular - physiology; Retinoscopy; Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs; Vision disorders; Visual Acuity - physiology
• ISSN: 0146-0404; 1552-5783; 1552-5783
• DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2463

To describe a wild-type guinea pig strain with an incidence of spontaneous axial myopia, minimal pupil responses, lack of accommodation, and apparently normal spatial vision. Such a strain is of interest because it may permit the exploration of defective emmetropization and mapping of the underlying quantitative trait loci. Twenty-eight guinea pigs were selected from 220 animals based on binocular myopia (exceeding -1.50 diopter [D]) or anisometropia (difference between both eyes exceeding 10 D) at 4 weeks of age. Refractions and pupil responses were measured with eccentric infrared photoretinoscopy, corneal curvature by modified conventional keratometer, and axial lengths by A-scan ultrasonography once a week. Twenty-one guinea pigs were raised under a normal 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle. From a sample of 18 anisometropic guinea pigs, 11 were raised under normal light cycle and 7 were raised in the dark to determine the extent to which visual input guides emmetropization. Spatial vision was tested in an automated optomotor drum. In 10 guinea pigs with myopia in both eyes, refractive errors ranged from -15.67 D to -1.50 D at 3 weeks with a high interocular correlation (R = 0.82); axial length and corneal curvature grew almost linearly over time. Strikingly, two patterns of recovery were observed in anisometropic guinea pigs: in 12 (67%) anisometropia persisted, and in 6 (33%) it declined over time. These ratios remained similar in dark-reared guinea pigs. Unlike published strains, all guinea pigs of this strain showed weak pupil responses and no signs of accommodation but up to 3 cyc/deg of spatial resolution. This strain of guinea pigs has spontaneous axial refractive errors that may be genetically or epigenetically determined. Interestingly, it differs from other published strains that show no refractive errors, vivid accommodation, or pupil responses.