Tetanus in developing countries: a case series and review

• Published in: Canadian journal of anesthesia 2009-04, Vol.56 (4), p.307-315
• Main Authors: Gibson, Kara, Bonaventure Uwineza, J., Kiviri, Willy, Parlow, Joel
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy; Anesthesiology; Biological and medical sciences; Cardiology; Case Reports/Case Series; Critical care; Critical Care - methods; Critical Care Medicine; Developing Countries; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease; Fatal Outcome; Hospitals; Humans; Immigration; Industrialized nations; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intensive; Intensive care; Intubation; Intubation, Intratracheal; LDCs; Male; Medical personnel; Medical sciences; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Morphine; Pain Medicine; Pathophysiology; Patients; Pediatrics; Physicians; Pneumology/Respiratory System; Respiration, Artificial; Tetanus; Tetanus - diagnosis; Tetanus - mortality; Tetanus - physiopathology; Tetanus - therapy; Tetanus Antitoxin - administration & dosage; Tetanus Toxoid - administration & dosage; Ventilators; Vital signs
• ISSN: 0832-610X; 1496-8975
• DOI: 10.1007/s12630-009-9058-1

Purpose Few anesthesiologists have expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of tetanus, a disease that remains prevalent in developing countries. We report on a series of four cases of tetanus cases recently encountered in Rwanda. We review the clinical epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and the treatment of tetanus, and provide implications for anesthesiologists and critical care physicians. Clinical features We report four cases, two involving adults who were inadequately vaccinated and experienced injuries, and two involving neonates, both of whom underwent umbilical cord transection using unsterilized equipment. All patients required tracheal intubation, and were mechanically ventilated when equipment was available. One adult and one neonate succumbed to the disease. These cases highlight the difficulties of diagnosis and management of complicated diseases in the resource-challenged health care setting of developing countries. Conclusions The differential diagnosis of tetanus may be confusing, and survival depends on the rapidity of treatment with antitoxin, as well as adequate supportive care. High doses of sedatives and muscle relaxants, as well as prolonged mechanical ventilation, are usually necessary. Mortality remains high, usually resulting from late respiratory failure and cardiovascular collapse, associated with autonomic instability. Anesthesiologists and critical care physicians have an important role to play in the management of these patients. Increased involvement in humanitarian health organizations, immigration from developing countries, and emergence of high risk groups in developed countries will likely result in more exposure of anesthesiologists to the complexities of this disease.