Covalently bound fluorescent probes as reporters for hydroxyl radical penetration into liposomal membranes

• Published in: Free radical biology & medicine 2009-05, Vol.46 (10), p.1376-1385
• Main Authors: Fortier, Chanel A., Guan, Bing, Cole, Richard B., Tarr, Matthew A.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biochemistry - instrumentation; Biochemistry - methods; Cholesterol; Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine - chemistry; Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine - metabolism; Edetic Acid - metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes - chemistry; Fluorescent Dyes - metabolism; Free radical; Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry; Hydrogen Peroxide - metabolism; Hydroxyl radical; Hydroxyl Radical - metabolism; In Vitro Techniques; Iron - chemistry; Iron - metabolism; Lipid oxidation; Lipid Peroxidation; Liposome; Liposomes - metabolism; Membrane oxidation; Membranes, Artificial; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
• ISSN: 0891-5849; 1873-4596
• DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.02.023

The ability of hydroxyl radicals to penetrate into liposomal model membranes (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine) has been demonstrated. Liposomes were prepared and then characterized by digital fluorescence microscopy and dynamic light scattering after extrusion to determine liposomal lamellarity, size, and shape. Hydroxyl radicals were generated in the surrounding aqueous medium using a modified Fenton reagent (hydrogen peroxide and Fe 2+) with the water-soluble iron chelator EDTA. High and low doses of radical were used, and the low dose was achieved with physiologically relevant iron and peroxide concentrations. Fluorescent probes covalently bound to the membrane phospholipid were used, including two lipophilic pyrenyl probes within the membrane bilayer and one polar probe at the water–membrane interface. Radical reactions with the probes were monitored by following the decrease in fluorescence and by observing oxidation products via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Differences in the probe position within the membrane were correlated with the reactivity of the probe to assess radical access to the site of the probe. For all probes, reaction rates increased with increasing temperature. Within the membrane bilayer, reaction rates were greater for the probe closest to the membrane–water interface. Cholesterol protected these probes from oxidation. Kinetic models, scavenger studies, and product identification studies indicated that hydroxyl radical reacted directly with the in-membrane probes without the mediation of a secondary radical.