Colorful methods to detect ion channels and pores: intravesicular chromogenic probes that respond to pH, pM and covalent capture

The activity of synthetic pores, ion channels, transporters and carriers is usually determined with fluorescent probes in vesicles or by conductance measurements in planar lipid bilayers. Elaborating on more colorful alternatives, we here introduce 5(6)-carboxynaphthofluorescein (CNF) as an intraves...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Organic & biomolecular chemistry 2009-01, Vol.7 (9), p.1784-1792
Main Authors: Butterfield, Sara M, Hennig, Andreas, Matile, Stefan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Benzenesulfonates - analysis
Benzenesulfonates - chemistry
Chromogenic Compounds - analysis
Chromogenic Compounds - chemistry
Colorimetry - methods
Fluoresceins - analysis
Fluoresceins - chemistry
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Ion Channels - analysis
Ion Channels - chemistry
Models, Molecular
Molecular Structure
Porosity
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Summary:The activity of synthetic pores, ion channels, transporters and carriers is usually determined with fluorescent probes in vesicles or by conductance measurements in planar lipid bilayers. Elaborating on more colorful alternatives, we here introduce 5(6)-carboxynaphthofluorescein (CNF) as an intravesicular pH probe for the colorimetric detection of activity, selectivity and cooperativity of ion channels such as gramicidin A. We further report that intravesicular pyrocatechol violet (PV), together with extravesicular Cu2+, extravesicular 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (CBA) or intravesicular 4-(benzyl-N-glutamate)boronic acid (BGBA) can detect the activity of synthetic pores or cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) sensors. Their response to analytes such as dodecylphosphate, hyaluronan or IP6 are reported as high-contrast color changes from yellow to blue, from yellow to red, or from red to green.
ISSN:1477-0520
1477-0539
DOI:10.1039/b900130a