Discovery and Selection of TMC114, a Next Generation HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor

• Published in: Journal of medicinal chemistry 2005-03, Vol.48 (6), p.1813-1822
• Main Authors: Surleraux, Dominique L. N. G, Tahri, Abdellah, Verschueren, Wim G, Pille, Geert M. E, de Kock, Herman A, Jonckers, Tim H. M, Peeters, Anik, De Meyer, Sandra, Azijn, Hilde, Pauwels, Rudi, de Bethune, Marie-Pierre, King, Nancy M, Prabu-Jeyabalan, Moses, Schiffer, Celia A, Wigerinck, Piet B. T. P
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents; Antiviral agents; Biological and medical sciences; Biological Availability; Cell Line; Crystallography, X-Ray; Darunavir; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral; HIV Protease - genetics; HIV Protease - metabolism; HIV Protease Inhibitors - chemical synthesis; HIV Protease Inhibitors - pharmacokinetics; HIV Protease Inhibitors - pharmacology; HIV-1 - drug effects; HIV-1 - genetics; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Medical sciences; Microsomes, Liver - metabolism; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Mutation; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Rats; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonamides - chemical synthesis; Sulfonamides - pharmacokinetics; Sulfonamides - pharmacology; Thermodynamics
• ISSN: 0022-2623; 1520-4804
• DOI: 10.1021/jm049560p

The screening of known HIV-1 protease inhibitors against a panel of multi-drug-resistant viruses revealed the potent activity of TMC126 on drug-resistant mutants. In comparison to amprenavir, the improved affinity of TMC126 is largely the result of one extra hydrogen bond to the backbone of the protein in the P2 pocket. Modification of the substitution pattern on the phenylsulfonamide P2‘ substituent of TMC126 created an interesting SAR, with the close analogue TMC114 being found to have a similar antiviral activity against the mutant and the wild-type viruses. X-ray and thermodynamic studies on both wild-type and mutant enzymes showed an extremely high enthalpy driven affinity of TMC114 for HIV-1 protease. In vitro selection of mutants resistant to TMC114 starting from wild-type virus proved to be extremely difficult; this was not the case for other close analogues. Therefore, the extra H-bond to the backbone in the P2 pocket cannot be the only explanation for the interesting antiviral profile of TMC114. Absorption studies in animals indicated that TMC114 has pharmacokinetic properties comparable to currently approved HIV-1 protease inhibitors.