How Toll-like receptors signal: what we know and what we don’t know

Signal transduction pathways activated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have continued to be a major focus of research for investigators interested in the initiation of innate immune responses and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons during infection. Biochemical details o...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Current Opinion in Immunology 2006-02, Vol.18 (1), p.3-9
Main Author: O’Neill, Luke AJ
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Communicable Diseases - immunology
Humans
Inflammation - immunology
Signal Transduction - immunology
Toll-Like Receptors - immunology
Toll-Like Receptors - physiology
Transcription Factors - physiology
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Summary:Signal transduction pathways activated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have continued to be a major focus of research for investigators interested in the initiation of innate immune responses and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons during infection. Biochemical details of the major signalling pathways have now been obtained, and the specific signalling pathways activated by different TLRs are being elucidated. New insights into the activation of IRF family members, notably IRF3, IRF5 and IRF7, have been obtained, and interesting spatiotemporal aspects of signalling by MyD88 leading to IRF7 activation revealed. Adapters in TLR signalling are targets for inhibition, both by endogenous regulators and by virally derived proteins. Selective targeting of pathways by anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids also indicates the potential for modulating TLR signalling therapeutically.
ISSN:0952-7915
1879-0372
1365-2567
DOI:10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.012