Functional electrical stimulation for neuromuscular applications

Paralyzed or paretic muscles can be made to contract by applying electrical currents to the intact peripheral motor nerves innervating them. When electrically elicited muscle contractions are coordinated in a manner that provides function, the technique is termed functional electrical stimulation (F...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Annual review of biomedical engineering 2005-01, Vol.7 (1), p.327-360
Main Authors: Peckham, P Hunter, Knutson, Jayme S
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biomedical Engineering
Electric Stimulation
Electric Stimulation Therapy - instrumentation
Electric Stimulation Therapy - methods
Humans
Neuromuscular Diseases - therapy
Paralysis - therapy
Phrenic Nerve - pathology
Prostheses and Implants
Respiratory System
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
Stroke - therapy
Time Factors
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic - therapy
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Summary:Paralyzed or paretic muscles can be made to contract by applying electrical currents to the intact peripheral motor nerves innervating them. When electrically elicited muscle contractions are coordinated in a manner that provides function, the technique is termed functional electrical stimulation (FES). In more than 40 years of FES research, principles for safe stimulation of neuromuscular tissue have been established, and methods for modulating the strength of electrically induced muscle contractions have been discovered. FES systems have been developed for restoring function in the upper extremity, lower extremity, bladder and bowel, and respiratory system. Some of these neuroprostheses have become commercialized products, and others are available in clinical research settings. Technological developments are expected to produce new systems that have no external components, are expandable to multiple applications, are upgradable to new advances, and are controlled by a combination of signals, including biopotential signals from nerve, muscle, and the brain.
ISSN:1523-9829
1545-4274
DOI:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140103