Strategies to improve fertility of high yielding dairy farms: Management of the dry period

• Published in: Theriogenology 2007-09, Vol.68, p.S281-S288
• Main Author: Grummer, R.R.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: animal reproduction; Animals; Cattle; Dairy cattle; dairy cows; Dairying; Diet; Disasters; Dry period; duration; Energy balance; Energy Metabolism - physiology; Female; female fertility; Fertility; Fertility - physiology; Homeostasis - physiology; Management; milk yield; nutritional status; Parturition - metabolism; reproduction; Time Factors
• ISSN: 0093-691X; 1879-3231
• DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.031

Reproductive performance of dairy cattle has been related to a wide variety of indicators of energy status, e.g., extent of negative energy balance, time of energy balance nadir, body weight loss, body condition score, and body condition score loss. Energy balance begins to decrease during the last few weeks prior to calving primarily due to a 30–35% reduction in feed intake. Cows typically remain in negative energy balance for five to seven weeks postpartum. Nutritional strategies to improve energy balance during the transition period include fat supplementation and feeding additional nonfiber carbohydrate. Unfortunately, neither approach is likely to markedly enhance energy status, although fat supplementation may increase reproductive efficiency independent of any effect on energy balance. Alternative management strategies may be required to improve fertility of dairy cows. Shortening or eliminating the dry period may improve energy status of dairy cows and increase reproductive efficiency. Shortening or eliminating the dry period may enhance dry matter intake during the transition period, decrease milk energy output, or both. A preliminary study using small animal numbers indicated that reducing dry period length to 28 or 0 days may decreases days to first ovulation, increase first service conception rate, and decrease days open. A follow-up study employing large animal numbers confirmed that reducing dry period length from 55 to 34 days can decrease days to first ovulation and decrease the percentage of anovular cows. The reduction in days open was greater for older cows than second parity cows. The reduction in days open was not related to effects of treatment on milk yield. Shortening or eliminating the dry period may be a more successful approach to improving reproductive efficiency than diet manipulation.