Enhancing effects of chronic lithium on memory in the rat

• Published in: Behavioural brain research 2007-02, Vol.177 (1), p.51-60
• Main Authors: Tsaltas, Eleftheria, Kontis, Dimitrios, Boulougouris, Vasileios, Papakosta, Vasiliki-Maria, Giannou, Haralambos, Poulopoulou, Cornelia, Soldatos, Constantine
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antimanic Agents - administration & dosage; Avoidance Learning - drug effects; Behavior, Animal; Behavioral psychophysiology; Biological and medical sciences; Drug Administration Schedule; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Lithium; Lithium Chloride - administration & dosage; Lithium Chloride - blood; Maze Learning - drug effects; Medical sciences; Memory - drug effects; Neuropharmacology; Passive avoidance retention; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Psychoanaleptics: cns stimulant, antidepressant agent, nootropic agent, mood stabilizer..., (alzheimer disease); Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychophysiology; Psychopharmacology; Rat; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Reinforcement Schedule; Reward; T-maze alternation; Time Factors; Working memory
• ISSN: 0166-4328; 1872-7549
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.003

In spite of recent enrichment of neurochemical and behavioural data establishing a neuroprotective role for lithium, its primary effects on cognitive functioning remain ambiguous. This study examines chronic lithium effects on spatial working memory and long-term retention. In three discrete experiments, rats subjected to 30 daily intraperitoneal injections (2 mmol/kg) of lithium (lithium groups: serum lithium = 0.5 ± 0.4 mEq/l, 12 h post-injection) or saline (controls) were trained in 0-s delay T-maze alternation and then tested in 30-, 45- and 60-s delay alternation (Experiments 1, 2, 3, respectively). Animals from Experiment 1 were further tested in one-trial step-through passive avoidance under mild shock parameters (0.5 mA, 1 s). Retention was assessed 6 h later. Daily lithium or saline injections continued throughout behavioural testing. Lithium animals were indistinguishable from controls during 0-delay alternation baseline (Experiments 1–3, accuracy > 88%) but showed significantly higher accuracy than controls at 30- and 45-s delays (93% versus 85% and 92% versus 82%, Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). At 60-s delay (Experiment 3) this beneficial effect of lithium was no longer apparent (lithium and control accuracy = 78%). In Experiment 4, the shock used did not support 6-h passive avoidance retention in controls, whereas lithium animals showed significant step-through latency increases. Chronic lithium enhanced spatial working memory and promoted long-term retention of a weak aversive contingency. The results suggest that lithium may have potential as a cognitive enhancer.