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Subtle Executive Impairment in Children with Autism and Children with ADHD

Background: The executive functions of inhibition, planning, flexible shifting of actions, and working memory are commonly reported to be impaired in neurodevelopmental disorders. Method: We compared these abilities in children (8?12 years) with high functioning autism (HFA, n = 17), attention defic...

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Published in:Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2005-06, Vol.35 (3), p.279-293
Main Authors: Goldberg, M. C, Mostofsky, S. H, Cutting, L. E, Mahone, E. M, Astor, B. C, Denckla, M. B, Landa, R. J
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container_title Journal of autism and developmental disorders
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creator Goldberg, M. C
Mostofsky, S. H
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Landa, R. J
description Background: The executive functions of inhibition, planning, flexible shifting of actions, and working memory are commonly reported to be impaired in neurodevelopmental disorders. Method: We compared these abilities in children (8?12 years) with high functioning autism (HFA, n = 17), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 32). Response inhibition was assessed using the Stroop Color and Word Test (Golden, 1978). Problem solving, set-shifting, and nonverbal memory were assessed using three tasks, respectively, from the CANTAB[R] (Cambridge Cognition, 1996): the Stockings of Cambridge task; the Intra-Dimensional/Extra-Dimensional set-shifting task; and the Spatial Working Memory task (SWM) with tokens hidden behind 3, 4, 6, and 8 boxes. Results: There were no group differences on the response inhibition, planning, or set-shifting tasks. On the SWM task, children with HFA made significantly more between-search errors compared with controls on both the most difficult problems (8-box) and on the mid-difficulty problems (6-box); however, children with ADHD made significantly more errors compared to controls on the most difficult (8-box) problems only. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that spatial working memory is impaired in both ADHD and HFA, and more severely in the latter. More detailed investigation is needed to examine the mechanisms that differentially impair spatial working memory, but on this set of tasks there appears to be sparing of other executive functions in these neuropsychiatric developmental disorders.
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Problem solving, set-shifting, and nonverbal memory were assessed using three tasks, respectively, from the CANTAB[R] (Cambridge Cognition, 1996): the Stockings of Cambridge task; the Intra-Dimensional/Extra-Dimensional set-shifting task; and the Spatial Working Memory task (SWM) with tokens hidden behind 3, 4, 6, and 8 boxes. Results: There were no group differences on the response inhibition, planning, or set-shifting tasks. On the SWM task, children with HFA made significantly more between-search errors compared with controls on both the most difficult problems (8-box) and on the mid-difficulty problems (6-box); however, children with ADHD made significantly more errors compared to controls on the most difficult (8-box) problems only. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that spatial working memory is impaired in both ADHD and HFA, and more severely in the latter. 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C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mostofsky, S. H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cutting, L. E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahone, E. M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Astor, B. C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Denckla, M. B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Landa, R. J</creatorcontrib><title>Subtle Executive Impairment in Children with Autism and Children with ADHD</title><title>Journal of autism and developmental disorders</title><addtitle>J Autism Dev Disord</addtitle><description>Background: The executive functions of inhibition, planning, flexible shifting of actions, and working memory are commonly reported to be impaired in neurodevelopmental disorders. Method: We compared these abilities in children (8?12 years) with high functioning autism (HFA, n = 17), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 32). Response inhibition was assessed using the Stroop Color and Word Test (Golden, 1978). 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subjects Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - epidemiology
Attention Deficit Disorders
Attention deficit disorders. Hyperactivity
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Autism
Autistic Disorder - epidemiology
Biological and medical sciences
Child
Child clinical studies
Children
Cognition Disorders - diagnosis
Cognition Disorders - epidemiology
Cognitive Processes
Comparative Analysis
Control Groups
Developmental Disabilities
Developmental disorders
Executive Function
Female
Humans
Hyperactivity
Infantile autism
Inhibition
Inhibition (Psychology)
Male
Measures (Individuals)
Medical sciences
Memory
Memory Disorders - diagnosis
Memory Disorders - epidemiology
Neuropsychological Tests
Planning
Problem Solving
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychopathology. Psychiatry
Severity of Illness Index
Short Term Memory
Spatial Ability
Task Analysis
title Subtle Executive Impairment in Children with Autism and Children with ADHD
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