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Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Accelerates and a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Delays Knee Ligament Healing
Background: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat ligament injuries; however, their individual and combined effects are not established. Hypotheses: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates ligament healing, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory dru...
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| Published in: | The American journal of sports medicine 2006-07, Vol.34 (7), p.1094-1102 |
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| creator | Warden, Stuart J. Avin, Keith G. Beck, Erin M. DeWolf, Marie E. Hagemeier, Molly A. Martin, Kristin M. |
| description | Background: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat ligament injuries; however, their
individual and combined effects are not established.
Hypotheses: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates ligament healing, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug delays healing, and the
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug inhibits the beneficial effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound.
Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.
Methods: Sixty adult rats underwent bilateral transection of their knee medial collateral ligaments. Animals were divided into 2 drug
groups and treated 5 d/wk with celecoxib (5 mg/kg) mixed in a vehicle solution (NSAID group) or vehicle alone (VEH group).
One to 3 hours after drug administration, all animals were treated with unilateral active low-intensity pulsed ultrasound
and contralateral inactive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Equal numbers of animals from each drug group were mechanically
tested at 2 weeks (n = 14/group), 4 weeks (n = 8/group), and 12 weeks (n = 8/group) after injury.
Results: Ultrasound and drug intervention did not interact to influence ligament mechanical properties at any time point. After 2
weeks of intervention, ligaments treated with active low-intensity pulsed ultrasound were 34.2% stronger, 27.0% stiffer, and
could absorb 54.4% more energy before failure than could ligaments treated with inactive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound,
whereas ligaments from the NSAID group could absorb 33.3% less energy than could ligaments from the VEH group. There were
no ultrasound or drug effects after 4 and 12 weeks of intervention.
Conclusions: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerated but did not improve ligament healing, whereas the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug delayed but did not impair healing. When used in combination, the beneficial low-intensity pulsed ultrasound effect was
cancelled by the detrimental nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug effect.
Clinical Relevance: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound after ligament injury may facilitate earlier return to activity, whereas non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs may elevate early reinjury risk.
Keywords:
biomechanics
ligament healing
medial collateral ligament (MCL)
therapeutic ultrasound |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1177/0363546505286139 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_68565284</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A148564869</galeid><sage_id>10.1177_0363546505286139</sage_id><sourcerecordid>A148564869</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c493t-76d5a0884d5905e58d7694753dbb324811ef887daacf4333284a6e4e876e4ac63</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkc1v1DAQxSMEokvhzglZQnALxPFnjqst0IoV5UDP1mwySb1y7GInKvvf42hXWqkS4mLLmt_4vTdTFG9p9YlSpT5XTDLBpahErSVlzbNiRYWoS8akeF6slnK51C-KVyntq6qiSuqXxQWVXMmmpqsibsNjeeMn9MlOB_Jzdgk7cuemCCnMviPrtkWHESZMBPIbyI_g04Qx2A4cWfvJltb3DsYRphAP5CrOA7lCB4dEvntEsrUDjOgnco3grB9eFy96yDJvTvdlcff1y6_Ndbm9_XazWW_LljdsKpXsBFRa8040lUChu2yZK8G63Y7VXFOKvdaqA2h7zhirNQeJHLXKJ7SSXRYfj_8-xPB7xjSZ0aYcxoHHMCcjtZB5bvy_YF3VXNJ6Ad8_Afdhjj6HMLRRSrFayEW3PFIDODTWtyGP98_UBudwQJMzbm7NmvIsz7VsMl8d-TaGlCL25iHaEeLB0MosazZP15xb3p2MzLsRu3PDaa8Z-HACILXg-gi-tenMqSbH4c3Za4Js7Zzm38KnUd3b4f7RRjRpBOeyDWZgnxg3Kjc3nP0F-k7Hdg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1977732566</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Accelerates and a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Delays Knee Ligament Healing</title><source>SAGE</source><creator>Warden, Stuart J. ; Avin, Keith G. ; Beck, Erin M. ; DeWolf, Marie E. ; Hagemeier, Molly A. ; Martin, Kristin M.</creator><creatorcontrib>Warden, Stuart J. ; Avin, Keith G. ; Beck, Erin M. ; DeWolf, Marie E. ; Hagemeier, Molly A. ; Martin, Kristin M.</creatorcontrib><description>Background: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat ligament injuries; however, their
individual and combined effects are not established.
Hypotheses: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates ligament healing, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug delays healing, and the
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug inhibits the beneficial effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound.
Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.
Methods: Sixty adult rats underwent bilateral transection of their knee medial collateral ligaments. Animals were divided into 2 drug
groups and treated 5 d/wk with celecoxib (5 mg/kg) mixed in a vehicle solution (NSAID group) or vehicle alone (VEH group).
One to 3 hours after drug administration, all animals were treated with unilateral active low-intensity pulsed ultrasound
and contralateral inactive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Equal numbers of animals from each drug group were mechanically
tested at 2 weeks (n = 14/group), 4 weeks (n = 8/group), and 12 weeks (n = 8/group) after injury.
Results: Ultrasound and drug intervention did not interact to influence ligament mechanical properties at any time point. After 2
weeks of intervention, ligaments treated with active low-intensity pulsed ultrasound were 34.2% stronger, 27.0% stiffer, and
could absorb 54.4% more energy before failure than could ligaments treated with inactive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound,
whereas ligaments from the NSAID group could absorb 33.3% less energy than could ligaments from the VEH group. There were
no ultrasound or drug effects after 4 and 12 weeks of intervention.
Conclusions: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerated but did not improve ligament healing, whereas the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug delayed but did not impair healing. When used in combination, the beneficial low-intensity pulsed ultrasound effect was
cancelled by the detrimental nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug effect.
Clinical Relevance: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound after ligament injury may facilitate earlier return to activity, whereas non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs may elevate early reinjury risk.
Keywords:
biomechanics
ligament healing
medial collateral ligament (MCL)
therapeutic ultrasound</description><identifier>ISSN: 0363-5465</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1552-3365</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1177/0363546505286139</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16476921</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AJSMDO</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Los Angeles, CA: American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine</publisher><subject>Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - pharmacology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Biomechanics. Biorheology ; Bones, joints and connective tissue. Antiinflammatory agents ; Care and treatment ; Celecoxib ; Diseases of the osteoarticular system ; Female ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Health aspects ; Health risk assessment ; Injuries ; Knee ; Knee injuries ; Ligaments ; Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee - diagnostic imaging ; Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee - injuries ; Medical sciences ; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ; Pharmacology. Drug treatments ; Pyrazoles - pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sports injuries ; Sports medicine ; Sulfonamides - pharmacology ; Tissues, organs and organisms biophysics ; Ultrasonic imaging ; Ultrasonic therapy ; Ultrasonic Therapy - methods ; Ultrasonic waves ; Ultrasonography ; Wound Healing - drug effects</subject><ispartof>The American journal of sports medicine, 2006-07, Vol.34 (7), p.1094-1102</ispartof><rights>2006 American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine</rights><rights>2006 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2006 Sage Publications, Inc.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c493t-76d5a0884d5905e58d7694753dbb324811ef887daacf4333284a6e4e876e4ac63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c493t-76d5a0884d5905e58d7694753dbb324811ef887daacf4333284a6e4e876e4ac63</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27923,27924,79135</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=17924349$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16476921$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Warden, Stuart J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Avin, Keith G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beck, Erin M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>DeWolf, Marie E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hagemeier, Molly A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martin, Kristin M.</creatorcontrib><title>Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Accelerates and a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Delays Knee Ligament Healing</title><title>The American journal of sports medicine</title><addtitle>Am J Sports Med</addtitle><description>Background: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat ligament injuries; however, their
individual and combined effects are not established.
Hypotheses: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates ligament healing, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug delays healing, and the
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug inhibits the beneficial effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound.
Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.
Methods: Sixty adult rats underwent bilateral transection of their knee medial collateral ligaments. Animals were divided into 2 drug
groups and treated 5 d/wk with celecoxib (5 mg/kg) mixed in a vehicle solution (NSAID group) or vehicle alone (VEH group).
One to 3 hours after drug administration, all animals were treated with unilateral active low-intensity pulsed ultrasound
and contralateral inactive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Equal numbers of animals from each drug group were mechanically
tested at 2 weeks (n = 14/group), 4 weeks (n = 8/group), and 12 weeks (n = 8/group) after injury.
Results: Ultrasound and drug intervention did not interact to influence ligament mechanical properties at any time point. After 2
weeks of intervention, ligaments treated with active low-intensity pulsed ultrasound were 34.2% stronger, 27.0% stiffer, and
could absorb 54.4% more energy before failure than could ligaments treated with inactive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound,
whereas ligaments from the NSAID group could absorb 33.3% less energy than could ligaments from the VEH group. There were
no ultrasound or drug effects after 4 and 12 weeks of intervention.
Conclusions: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerated but did not improve ligament healing, whereas the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug delayed but did not impair healing. When used in combination, the beneficial low-intensity pulsed ultrasound effect was
cancelled by the detrimental nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug effect.
Clinical Relevance: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound after ligament injury may facilitate earlier return to activity, whereas non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs may elevate early reinjury risk.
Keywords:
biomechanics
ligament healing
medial collateral ligament (MCL)
therapeutic ultrasound</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - pharmacology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>Biomechanics. Biorheology</subject><subject>Bones, joints and connective tissue. Antiinflammatory agents</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Celecoxib</subject><subject>Diseases of the osteoarticular system</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>Knee</subject><subject>Knee injuries</subject><subject>Ligaments</subject><subject>Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee - injuries</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</subject><subject>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</subject><subject>Pyrazoles - pharmacology</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</subject><subject>Sports injuries</subject><subject>Sports medicine</subject><subject>Sulfonamides - pharmacology</subject><subject>Tissues, organs and organisms biophysics</subject><subject>Ultrasonic imaging</subject><subject>Ultrasonic therapy</subject><subject>Ultrasonic Therapy - methods</subject><subject>Ultrasonic waves</subject><subject>Ultrasonography</subject><subject>Wound Healing - drug effects</subject><issn>0363-5465</issn><issn>1552-3365</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2006</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkc1v1DAQxSMEokvhzglZQnALxPFnjqst0IoV5UDP1mwySb1y7GInKvvf42hXWqkS4mLLmt_4vTdTFG9p9YlSpT5XTDLBpahErSVlzbNiRYWoS8akeF6slnK51C-KVyntq6qiSuqXxQWVXMmmpqsibsNjeeMn9MlOB_Jzdgk7cuemCCnMviPrtkWHESZMBPIbyI_g04Qx2A4cWfvJltb3DsYRphAP5CrOA7lCB4dEvntEsrUDjOgnco3grB9eFy96yDJvTvdlcff1y6_Ndbm9_XazWW_LljdsKpXsBFRa8040lUChu2yZK8G63Y7VXFOKvdaqA2h7zhirNQeJHLXKJ7SSXRYfj_8-xPB7xjSZ0aYcxoHHMCcjtZB5bvy_YF3VXNJ6Ad8_Afdhjj6HMLRRSrFayEW3PFIDODTWtyGP98_UBudwQJMzbm7NmvIsz7VsMl8d-TaGlCL25iHaEeLB0MosazZP15xb3p2MzLsRu3PDaa8Z-HACILXg-gi-tenMqSbH4c3Za4Js7Zzm38KnUd3b4f7RRjRpBOeyDWZgnxg3Kjc3nP0F-k7Hdg</recordid><startdate>20060701</startdate><enddate>20060701</enddate><creator>Warden, Stuart J.</creator><creator>Avin, Keith G.</creator><creator>Beck, Erin M.</creator><creator>DeWolf, Marie E.</creator><creator>Hagemeier, Molly A.</creator><creator>Martin, Kristin M.</creator><general>American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine</general><general>SAGE Publications</general><general>Sage Publications, Inc</general><general>Sage Publications Ltd</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>U9A</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20060701</creationdate><title>Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Accelerates and a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Delays Knee Ligament Healing</title><author>Warden, Stuart J. ; Avin, Keith G. ; Beck, Erin M. ; DeWolf, Marie E. ; Hagemeier, Molly A. ; Martin, Kristin M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c493t-76d5a0884d5905e58d7694753dbb324811ef887daacf4333284a6e4e876e4ac63</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2006</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - pharmacology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biomechanical Phenomena</topic><topic>Biomechanics. Biorheology</topic><topic>Bones, joints and connective tissue. Antiinflammatory agents</topic><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>Celecoxib</topic><topic>Diseases of the osteoarticular system</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health risk assessment</topic><topic>Injuries</topic><topic>Knee</topic><topic>Knee injuries</topic><topic>Ligaments</topic><topic>Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee - injuries</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</topic><topic>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</topic><topic>Pyrazoles - pharmacology</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</topic><topic>Sports injuries</topic><topic>Sports medicine</topic><topic>Sulfonamides - pharmacology</topic><topic>Tissues, organs and organisms biophysics</topic><topic>Ultrasonic imaging</topic><topic>Ultrasonic therapy</topic><topic>Ultrasonic Therapy - methods</topic><topic>Ultrasonic waves</topic><topic>Ultrasonography</topic><topic>Wound Healing - drug effects</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Warden, Stuart J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Avin, Keith G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beck, Erin M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>DeWolf, Marie E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hagemeier, Molly A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martin, Kristin M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>The American journal of sports medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Warden, Stuart J.</au><au>Avin, Keith G.</au><au>Beck, Erin M.</au><au>DeWolf, Marie E.</au><au>Hagemeier, Molly A.</au><au>Martin, Kristin M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Accelerates and a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Delays Knee Ligament Healing</atitle><jtitle>The American journal of sports medicine</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Sports Med</addtitle><date>2006-07-01</date><risdate>2006</risdate><volume>34</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>1094</spage><epage>1102</epage><pages>1094-1102</pages><issn>0363-5465</issn><eissn>1552-3365</eissn><coden>AJSMDO</coden><abstract>Background: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat ligament injuries; however, their
individual and combined effects are not established.
Hypotheses: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates ligament healing, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug delays healing, and the
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug inhibits the beneficial effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound.
Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.
Methods: Sixty adult rats underwent bilateral transection of their knee medial collateral ligaments. Animals were divided into 2 drug
groups and treated 5 d/wk with celecoxib (5 mg/kg) mixed in a vehicle solution (NSAID group) or vehicle alone (VEH group).
One to 3 hours after drug administration, all animals were treated with unilateral active low-intensity pulsed ultrasound
and contralateral inactive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Equal numbers of animals from each drug group were mechanically
tested at 2 weeks (n = 14/group), 4 weeks (n = 8/group), and 12 weeks (n = 8/group) after injury.
Results: Ultrasound and drug intervention did not interact to influence ligament mechanical properties at any time point. After 2
weeks of intervention, ligaments treated with active low-intensity pulsed ultrasound were 34.2% stronger, 27.0% stiffer, and
could absorb 54.4% more energy before failure than could ligaments treated with inactive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound,
whereas ligaments from the NSAID group could absorb 33.3% less energy than could ligaments from the VEH group. There were
no ultrasound or drug effects after 4 and 12 weeks of intervention.
Conclusions: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerated but did not improve ligament healing, whereas the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug delayed but did not impair healing. When used in combination, the beneficial low-intensity pulsed ultrasound effect was
cancelled by the detrimental nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug effect.
Clinical Relevance: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound after ligament injury may facilitate earlier return to activity, whereas non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs may elevate early reinjury risk.
Keywords:
biomechanics
ligament healing
medial collateral ligament (MCL)
therapeutic ultrasound</abstract><cop>Los Angeles, CA</cop><pub>American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine</pub><pmid>16476921</pmid><doi>10.1177/0363546505286139</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 0363-5465 |
| ispartof | The American journal of sports medicine, 2006-07, Vol.34 (7), p.1094-1102 |
| issn | 0363-5465 1552-3365 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_68565284 |
| source | SAGE |
| subjects | Animals Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - pharmacology Biological and medical sciences Biomechanical Phenomena Biomechanics. Biorheology Bones, joints and connective tissue. Antiinflammatory agents Care and treatment Celecoxib Diseases of the osteoarticular system Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Health aspects Health risk assessment Injuries Knee Knee injuries Ligaments Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee - diagnostic imaging Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee - injuries Medical sciences Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Pharmacology. Drug treatments Pyrazoles - pharmacology Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Sports injuries Sports medicine Sulfonamides - pharmacology Tissues, organs and organisms biophysics Ultrasonic imaging Ultrasonic therapy Ultrasonic Therapy - methods Ultrasonic waves Ultrasonography Wound Healing - drug effects |
| title | Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Accelerates and a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Delays Knee Ligament Healing |
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