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Optimism, positive affectivity, and salivary cortisol

Objectives. Research on stress and salivary cortisol has focused almost exclusively on the effects of negative psychological conditions or emotional states. Little attention has been drawn to the impact associated with positive psychological conditions, which have been shown recently to have signifi...

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Published in:British journal of health psychology 2005-11, Vol.10 (4), p.467-484
Main Authors: Lai, Julian C. L., Evans, Phil D., Ng, Sik Hung, Chong, Alice M. L., Siu, Oswald T., Chan, Cecilia L. W., Ho, Samuel M. Y., Ho, Rainbow T. H., Chan, Plato, Chan, Charles C.
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container_title British journal of health psychology
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creator Lai, Julian C. L.
Evans, Phil D.
Ng, Sik Hung
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Ho, Rainbow T. H.
Chan, Plato
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description Objectives. Research on stress and salivary cortisol has focused almost exclusively on the effects of negative psychological conditions or emotional states. Little attention has been drawn to the impact associated with positive psychological conditions, which have been shown recently to have significant influences on neuroendocrine regulation. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of optimism and positive affect on salivary cortisol with the effects of their negative counterparts controlled for. Design. Optimism and pessimism, and positive and negative affectivity were studied in relation to the diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol in a group of 80 Hong Kong Chinese, who provided six saliva samples over the course of a day on two consecutive days. The separate effects of optimism and positive affect on two dynamic components of cortisol secretion, awakening response, and diurnal decline were examined. Methods. Optimism and pessimism were measured using the Chinese version of the revised Life Orientation Test while generalized affects and mood states were assessed by the Chinese Affect Scale. An enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay kit (EIA) developed for use in saliva was adopted for the biochemical analysis of cortisol. Testing of major group differences associated with positive psychological conditions was carried out using two‐way (group by saliva collection time) ANOVAs for repeated measures with negative psychological conditions and mood states as covariates. Results. Participants having higher optimism scores exhibited less cortisol secretion in the awakening period when the effect of pessimism and mood were controlled. This effect was more apparent in men than in women who had higher cortisol levels in the awakening period. Optimism did not have similar effect on cortisol levels during the underlying period of diurnal decline. On the other hand, higher generalized positive affect was associated with lower cortisol levels during the underlying period of diurnal decline after the effects of negative affect and mood states had been controlled. Generalized positive affect did not significantly influence cortisol secretion during the awakening period. Conclusions. These findings suggest that positive psychological resources including optimism and generalized positive affect had higher impact on cortisol secretion than their negative counterparts, and point to the need for increased attention to the potential contribution of positive mental states
doi_str_mv 10.1348/135910705X26083
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L. ; Evans, Phil D. ; Ng, Sik Hung ; Chong, Alice M. L. ; Siu, Oswald T. ; Chan, Cecilia L. W. ; Ho, Samuel M. Y. ; Ho, Rainbow T. H. ; Chan, Plato ; Chan, Charles C.</creator><creatorcontrib>Lai, Julian C. L. ; Evans, Phil D. ; Ng, Sik Hung ; Chong, Alice M. L. ; Siu, Oswald T. ; Chan, Cecilia L. W. ; Ho, Samuel M. Y. ; Ho, Rainbow T. H. ; Chan, Plato ; Chan, Charles C.</creatorcontrib><description>Objectives. Research on stress and salivary cortisol has focused almost exclusively on the effects of negative psychological conditions or emotional states. Little attention has been drawn to the impact associated with positive psychological conditions, which have been shown recently to have significant influences on neuroendocrine regulation. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of optimism and positive affect on salivary cortisol with the effects of their negative counterparts controlled for. Design. Optimism and pessimism, and positive and negative affectivity were studied in relation to the diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol in a group of 80 Hong Kong Chinese, who provided six saliva samples over the course of a day on two consecutive days. The separate effects of optimism and positive affect on two dynamic components of cortisol secretion, awakening response, and diurnal decline were examined. Methods. Optimism and pessimism were measured using the Chinese version of the revised Life Orientation Test while generalized affects and mood states were assessed by the Chinese Affect Scale. An enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay kit (EIA) developed for use in saliva was adopted for the biochemical analysis of cortisol. Testing of major group differences associated with positive psychological conditions was carried out using two‐way (group by saliva collection time) ANOVAs for repeated measures with negative psychological conditions and mood states as covariates. Results. Participants having higher optimism scores exhibited less cortisol secretion in the awakening period when the effect of pessimism and mood were controlled. This effect was more apparent in men than in women who had higher cortisol levels in the awakening period. Optimism did not have similar effect on cortisol levels during the underlying period of diurnal decline. On the other hand, higher generalized positive affect was associated with lower cortisol levels during the underlying period of diurnal decline after the effects of negative affect and mood states had been controlled. Generalized positive affect did not significantly influence cortisol secretion during the awakening period. Conclusions. These findings suggest that positive psychological resources including optimism and generalized positive affect had higher impact on cortisol secretion than their negative counterparts, and point to the need for increased attention to the potential contribution of positive mental states to well‐being.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1359-107X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2044-8287</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1348/135910705X26083</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16238860</identifier><identifier>CODEN: BJHPFP</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Affect - physiology ; Affectivity. Emotion ; Attention ; Awakening ; Biological and medical sciences ; Chinese languages ; Circadian Rhythm - physiology ; Emotional states ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Hong Kong ; Hormones ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone - metabolism ; Male ; Mental states ; Motivation ; Negative affect ; Negative emotions ; Optimism ; Personality Inventory ; Personality. Affectivity ; Pessimism ; Positive affect ; Positive emotions ; Psychological resources ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychology. Psychophysiology ; Rhythm ; Saliva ; Saliva - metabolism ; Salivary cortisol ; Set (Psychology) ; Sex Factors ; Tropical medicine ; Wakefulness - physiology ; Well being ; Wellbeing</subject><ispartof>British journal of health psychology, 2005-11, Vol.10 (4), p.467-484</ispartof><rights>2005 The British Psychological Society</rights><rights>2006 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Wiley Subscription Services, Inc. Nov 2005</rights><rights>Copyright British Psychological Society Nov 2005</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4941-1a3e8976d90251c7cf701776b8fa08f780a573c4e1ed73aaf49d922f595361a33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4941-1a3e8976d90251c7cf701776b8fa08f780a573c4e1ed73aaf49d922f595361a33</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,30999,31000</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&amp;idt=17189035$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16238860$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lai, Julian C. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Evans, Phil D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ng, Sik Hung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chong, Alice M. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siu, Oswald T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chan, Cecilia L. W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ho, Samuel M. Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ho, Rainbow T. H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chan, Plato</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chan, Charles C.</creatorcontrib><title>Optimism, positive affectivity, and salivary cortisol</title><title>British journal of health psychology</title><addtitle>Br J Health Psychol</addtitle><description>Objectives. Research on stress and salivary cortisol has focused almost exclusively on the effects of negative psychological conditions or emotional states. Little attention has been drawn to the impact associated with positive psychological conditions, which have been shown recently to have significant influences on neuroendocrine regulation. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of optimism and positive affect on salivary cortisol with the effects of their negative counterparts controlled for. Design. Optimism and pessimism, and positive and negative affectivity were studied in relation to the diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol in a group of 80 Hong Kong Chinese, who provided six saliva samples over the course of a day on two consecutive days. The separate effects of optimism and positive affect on two dynamic components of cortisol secretion, awakening response, and diurnal decline were examined. Methods. Optimism and pessimism were measured using the Chinese version of the revised Life Orientation Test while generalized affects and mood states were assessed by the Chinese Affect Scale. An enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay kit (EIA) developed for use in saliva was adopted for the biochemical analysis of cortisol. Testing of major group differences associated with positive psychological conditions was carried out using two‐way (group by saliva collection time) ANOVAs for repeated measures with negative psychological conditions and mood states as covariates. Results. Participants having higher optimism scores exhibited less cortisol secretion in the awakening period when the effect of pessimism and mood were controlled. This effect was more apparent in men than in women who had higher cortisol levels in the awakening period. Optimism did not have similar effect on cortisol levels during the underlying period of diurnal decline. On the other hand, higher generalized positive affect was associated with lower cortisol levels during the underlying period of diurnal decline after the effects of negative affect and mood states had been controlled. Generalized positive affect did not significantly influence cortisol secretion during the awakening period. Conclusions. 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Psychology</subject><subject>Hong Kong</subject><subject>Hormones</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydrocortisone - metabolism</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mental states</subject><subject>Motivation</subject><subject>Negative affect</subject><subject>Negative emotions</subject><subject>Optimism</subject><subject>Personality Inventory</subject><subject>Personality. Affectivity</subject><subject>Pessimism</subject><subject>Positive affect</subject><subject>Positive emotions</subject><subject>Psychological resources</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychophysiology</subject><subject>Rhythm</subject><subject>Saliva</subject><subject>Saliva - metabolism</subject><subject>Salivary cortisol</subject><subject>Set (Psychology)</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>Tropical medicine</subject><subject>Wakefulness - physiology</subject><subject>Well being</subject><subject>Wellbeing</subject><issn>1359-107X</issn><issn>2044-8287</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0c9rFDEUB_Agil2rZ28yWPTUsXn59ZKjLbXbH9giir2FNJNA6uzOmsy27n9vll0sFKSnBPL5viTvEfIW6CfgQh8AlwYoUnnNFNX8GZkwKkSrmcbnZLI-bevx9Q55VcotpcA5lS_JDijGtVZ0QuTlYkyzVGb7zWIoaUx3oXExBl93aVztN27eNcX16c7lVeOHPKYy9K_Ji-j6Et5s113y48vx96Npe3F5cnr0-aL1wghowfGgDarOUCbBo49IAVHd6Oiojqipk8i9CBA65M5FYTrDWJRGclXDfJd83NRd5OH3MpTR1qf60PduHoZlsUojVRr0k1AiADKFFb5_BG-HZZ7XT1gGkgmh5bra3v8RU1JQNGt1sFE-D6XkEO0ip1ltkwVq19Oxj6ZTE--2dZc3s9A9-O04KviwBa5418fs5j6VB4egDeWyOrFx96kPq6futYdn0yshocbaTSyVMfz5F3P5l62tQWl_fj2x-vxKn03NN6v4XyMisY4</recordid><startdate>200511</startdate><enddate>200511</enddate><creator>Lai, Julian C. 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Psychology</topic><topic>Hong Kong</topic><topic>Hormones</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hydrocortisone - metabolism</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mental states</topic><topic>Motivation</topic><topic>Negative affect</topic><topic>Negative emotions</topic><topic>Optimism</topic><topic>Personality Inventory</topic><topic>Personality. Affectivity</topic><topic>Pessimism</topic><topic>Positive affect</topic><topic>Positive emotions</topic><topic>Psychological resources</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychophysiology</topic><topic>Rhythm</topic><topic>Saliva</topic><topic>Saliva - metabolism</topic><topic>Salivary cortisol</topic><topic>Set (Psychology)</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>Tropical medicine</topic><topic>Wakefulness - physiology</topic><topic>Well being</topic><topic>Wellbeing</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lai, Julian C. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Evans, Phil D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ng, Sik Hung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chong, Alice M. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siu, Oswald T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chan, Cecilia L. W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ho, Samuel M. Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ho, Rainbow T. H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chan, Plato</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chan, Charles C.</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index &amp; Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>British journal of health psychology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lai, Julian C. L.</au><au>Evans, Phil D.</au><au>Ng, Sik Hung</au><au>Chong, Alice M. L.</au><au>Siu, Oswald T.</au><au>Chan, Cecilia L. W.</au><au>Ho, Samuel M. Y.</au><au>Ho, Rainbow T. H.</au><au>Chan, Plato</au><au>Chan, Charles C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Optimism, positive affectivity, and salivary cortisol</atitle><jtitle>British journal of health psychology</jtitle><addtitle>Br J Health Psychol</addtitle><date>2005-11</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>467</spage><epage>484</epage><pages>467-484</pages><issn>1359-107X</issn><eissn>2044-8287</eissn><coden>BJHPFP</coden><abstract>Objectives. Research on stress and salivary cortisol has focused almost exclusively on the effects of negative psychological conditions or emotional states. Little attention has been drawn to the impact associated with positive psychological conditions, which have been shown recently to have significant influences on neuroendocrine regulation. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of optimism and positive affect on salivary cortisol with the effects of their negative counterparts controlled for. Design. Optimism and pessimism, and positive and negative affectivity were studied in relation to the diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol in a group of 80 Hong Kong Chinese, who provided six saliva samples over the course of a day on two consecutive days. The separate effects of optimism and positive affect on two dynamic components of cortisol secretion, awakening response, and diurnal decline were examined. Methods. Optimism and pessimism were measured using the Chinese version of the revised Life Orientation Test while generalized affects and mood states were assessed by the Chinese Affect Scale. An enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay kit (EIA) developed for use in saliva was adopted for the biochemical analysis of cortisol. Testing of major group differences associated with positive psychological conditions was carried out using two‐way (group by saliva collection time) ANOVAs for repeated measures with negative psychological conditions and mood states as covariates. Results. Participants having higher optimism scores exhibited less cortisol secretion in the awakening period when the effect of pessimism and mood were controlled. This effect was more apparent in men than in women who had higher cortisol levels in the awakening period. Optimism did not have similar effect on cortisol levels during the underlying period of diurnal decline. On the other hand, higher generalized positive affect was associated with lower cortisol levels during the underlying period of diurnal decline after the effects of negative affect and mood states had been controlled. Generalized positive affect did not significantly influence cortisol secretion during the awakening period. Conclusions. These findings suggest that positive psychological resources including optimism and generalized positive affect had higher impact on cortisol secretion than their negative counterparts, and point to the need for increased attention to the potential contribution of positive mental states to well‐being.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>16238860</pmid><doi>10.1348/135910705X26083</doi><tpages>18</tpages></addata></record>
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2044-8287
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source Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); Wiley; SPORTDiscus database
subjects Adult
Affect - physiology
Affectivity. Emotion
Attention
Awakening
Biological and medical sciences
Chinese languages
Circadian Rhythm - physiology
Emotional states
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Hong Kong
Hormones
Humans
Hydrocortisone - metabolism
Male
Mental states
Motivation
Negative affect
Negative emotions
Optimism
Personality Inventory
Personality. Affectivity
Pessimism
Positive affect
Positive emotions
Psychological resources
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychology. Psychophysiology
Rhythm
Saliva
Saliva - metabolism
Salivary cortisol
Set (Psychology)
Sex Factors
Tropical medicine
Wakefulness - physiology
Well being
Wellbeing
title Optimism, positive affectivity, and salivary cortisol
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