Micro- and nano-structural analyses of damage in bone

Skeletal fractures represent a significant medical and economic burden for our society. In the US alone, age-related hip, spine, and wrist fractures accounted for more than $17 billion in direct health care costs in 2001. Moreover, skeletal fractures are not limited to the elderly; stress fractures...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Micron (Oxford, England : 1993) England : 1993), 2005-01, Vol.36 (7), p.617-629
Main Authors: Sahar, Nadder D., Hong, Sun-Ig, Kohn, David H.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Biomechanical Phenomena
Bone
Bone and Bones - chemistry
Bone and Bones - pathology
Bone and Bones - ultrastructure
Bone Density - physiology
Calcification, Physiologic
Collagen - ultrastructure
Fatigue
Fractures, Bone - etiology
Fractures, Bone - pathology
Fractures, Bone - physiopathology
Haversian System - cytology
Haversian System - ultrastructure
Humans
Laser scanning confocal microscopy
Microdamage
Microscopy, Confocal
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
Raman spectroscopy
Scanning electron microscopy
Spectrum Analysis, Raman
Transmission electron microscopy
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Summary:Skeletal fractures represent a significant medical and economic burden for our society. In the US alone, age-related hip, spine, and wrist fractures accounted for more than $17 billion in direct health care costs in 2001. Moreover, skeletal fractures are not limited to the elderly; stress fractures and impact/trauma-related fractures are a significant problem in younger people also. Gaining insight into the mechanisms of fracture and how these mechanisms are modulated by intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors may improve the ability to define fracture risk and develop and assess preventative therapies for skeletal fractures. Insight into failure mechanisms of bone, particularly at the ultrastructural-level, is facilitated by the development of improved means of defining and measuring tissue quality. Included in these means are microscopic and spectroscopic techniques for the direct observation of crack initiation, crack propagation, and fracture behavior. In this review, we discuss microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, including laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopic imaging for visually observing microdamage in bone, and the current understanding of damage mechanisms derived from these techniques.
ISSN:0968-4328
1878-4291
DOI:10.1016/j.micron.2005.07.006