Adrenal Insufficiency and Colonic Inflammation after a Novel Chronic Psycho-Social Stress Paradigm in Mice: Implications and Mechanisms

• Published in: Endocrinology (Philadelphia) 2007-02, Vol.148 (2), p.670-682
• Main Authors: Reber, S. O, Birkeneder, L, Veenema, A. H, Obermeier, F, Falk, W, Straub, R. H, Neumann, I. D
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adrenal Glands - pathology; Adrenal Glands - secretion; Adrenal Insufficiency - etiology; Adrenalectomy; Adrenals. Adrenal axis. Renin-angiotensin system (diseases); Animals; Atrophy; Biological and medical sciences; Body Weight; Body weight gain; Chronic exposure; Colitis; Colitis - etiology; Colon; Colon - enzymology; Colon - pathology; Corticosterone; Corticosterone - blood; Corticosterone - secretion; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone - genetics; Cytokines; Cytokines - secretion; Damage prevention; Endocrinopathies; Exposure; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gene expression; Glucocorticoids; Housing, Animal; Hypertrophy; Hypothalamus; Locus coeruleus; Locus Coeruleus - enzymology; Lymph nodes; Lymph Nodes - secretion; Medical sciences; Mice; mRNA; Non tumoral diseases. Target tissue resistance. Benign neoplasms; Norepinephrine; Organ Size; Parameter sensitivity; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus - metabolism; Paraventricular nucleus; Psychological stress; RNA, Messenger - metabolism; Social interactions; Stress; Stress, Psychological - complications; Stress, Psychological - metabolism; Stress, Psychological - pathology; Thymus Gland - pathology; Time Factors; Tyrosine; Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase - metabolism; Vertebrates: endocrinology
• ISSN: 0013-7227; 1945-7170
• DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0983

We investigated chronic psycho-social stress effects on stress-related parameters and on pathohistological changes in the murine colon. Moreover, we aimed to reveal the involvement of adrenal glucocorticoids in chronic stress effects. Chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC, 19 d) resulted in reduced body weight gain, thymus atrophy, adrenal hypertrophy, increased plasma norepinephrine, and increased anxiety. With respect to the time course of CSC effects, CRH mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, light phase corticosterone and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in colonic tissue were found to be increased, whereas tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the locus coeruleus was found to be decreased on d 2 of CSC; these parameters returned to control levels thereafter. Nevertheless, after 19 d of CSC exposure, the adrenal corticosterone responses in vivo and in vitro, and glucocorticoid sensitivity of isolated splenic cells were found to be decreased. Importantly, in CSC mice a significant histological damage of the colon was found beginning on d 14 of CSC exposure. Additionally, pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine secretion by mesenteric lymph node cells was increased after CSC exposure. Adrenalectomy before CSC at least partially prevented these chronic stress effects as reflected by less increase in proinflammatory cytokine secretion and an equal histological damage score in adrenalectomized compared with sham-operated CSC mice. In conclusion, chronic exposure to CSC alters relevant neuronal, neuroendocrine and immune functions that could be directly or indirectly involved in the damage of the histological integrity of the colon comparable with that seen during the development of colitis.