The Effect of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency on the In Vivo Elongation of the Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments

• Published in: The American journal of sports medicine 2007-02, Vol.35 (2), p.294-300
• Main Authors: Van de Velde, Samuel K., Defrate, Louis E., Gill, Thomas J., Moses, Jeremy M., Papannagari, Ramprasad, Li, Guoan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Anterior cruciate ligament; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Biological and medical sciences; Biomechanical Phenomena; Biomechanics. Biorheology; Case-Control Studies; Female; Fluoroscopy; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Health aspects; Humans; Injuries; Joint and ligament injuries; Kinematics; Knee; Knee joint; Knee Joint - physiopathology; Ligaments; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee - diagnostic imaging; Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee - pathology; Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee - physiopathology; Medical sciences; Movement - physiology; Range of Motion, Articular - physiology; Skin & tissue grafts; Sport (general aspects); Sports injuries; Sports medicine; Tissues, organs and organisms biophysics; Traumas. Diseases due to physical agents; Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports
• ISSN: 0363-5465; 1552-3365
• DOI: 10.1177/0363546506294079

Background: Although anterior cruciate ligament deficiency has been shown to lead to joint degeneration, few quantitative data have been reported on its effect on soft tissue structures surrounding the knee joint. Hypothesis: Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency will alter the deformation of both collateral ligaments during in vivo weight-bearing knee function from 0°to 90°. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Six patients who had acute anterior cruciate ligament injury in 1 knee with the contralateral side intact participated in this study. Using magnetic resonance and dual orthogonal fluoroscopic imaging techniques, we measured the length of the fiber bundles of the superficial medial collateral ligament, deep medial collateral ligament, and lateral collateral ligament of the 6 patients; the healthy contralateral knee of each patient served as a control. Results: Anterior cruciate ligament injury caused a significant elongation of the fiber bundles of the superficial and deep medial collateral ligament at every flexion angle. In contrast, the lateral collateral ligament fiber bundles shortened after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Conclusion: The altered deformations of the collateral ligaments associated with the changes in tibiofemoral joint kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament injury demonstrate that deficiency of 1 of the knee joint structures upsets the in vivo knee homeostasis. Clinical Relevance: Restoring normal knee kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is critical to restore the normal function of the collateral ligaments. Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) medial collateral ligament (MCL) lateral collateral ligament (LCL) ACL injury in vivo biomechanics knee stability