TLR accessory molecules

• Published in: Current opinion in immunology 2008-08, Vol.20 (4), p.420-425
• Main Authors: Akashi-Takamura, Sachiko, Miyake, Kensuke
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Allergy and Immunology; Animals; Antigens, CD - immunology; Antigens, CD - metabolism; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides - immunology; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides - metabolism; Carrier Proteins - immunology; Carrier Proteins - metabolism; Endoplasmic Reticulum - immunology; Endoplasmic Reticulum - metabolism; HMGB1 Protein - immunology; HMGB1 Protein - metabolism; Humans; Ligands; Lymphocyte Antigen 96 - immunology; Lymphocyte Antigen 96 - metabolism; Membrane Glycoproteins - immunology; Membrane Glycoproteins - metabolism; Membrane Transport Proteins - immunology; Membrane Transport Proteins - metabolism; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptors - immunology; Toll-Like Receptors - metabolism
• ISSN: 0952-7915; 1879-0372
• DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.07.001

Accessory molecules are required for microbial recognition by Toll-like receptor (TLR), subsequent signaling, and regulation of ensuing immune responses. Accessory molecules regulate TLRs on the cell surface (MD-2 and RP105), or in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (Unc93B, PRAT4A, and gp96). Other types of accessory molecules modulate TLR responses by acting directly on TLR ligands (CD14, CD36, HMGB1, and the antimicrobial peptide LL37). These molecules cooperate with TLR, inducing appropriate defense mechanisms. It is important to understand how TLR signaling is controlled by these accessory molecules. These accessory molecules could be promising targets for therapeutic intervention in infectious disease and immune disorders.