Need for accurate and standardized determination of amino acids and bioactive peptides for evaluating protein quality and potential health effects of foods and dietary supplements

• Published in: Journal of AOAC International 2008-07, Vol.91 (4), p.894-900
• Main Authors: Gilani, G. Sarwar, Xiao, Chaowu, Lee, Nora
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: amino acid composition; amino acid sequences; Amino acids; Amino Acids - analysis; bioactive peptides; bioactive properties; Biological and medical sciences; Canada; Dietary Proteins - adverse effects; Dietary Proteins - analysis; Dietary supplements; Dietary Supplements - adverse effects; dose response; European Union; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Food; food composition; Food industries; foods; Forecasts and trends; functional foods; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Health; Humans; Hydrolysis; Identification and classification; ion exchange chromatography; Japan; Legislation, Drug; liquid chromatography; Measurement; medicinal properties; methodology; molecular sequence data; new methods; Nutritive Value; peptides; Peptides - analysis; Proteins in human nutrition; quantitative analysis; Reference Standards; Research and development. New food products, dietetic foods and beverages; Testing; United States; validity; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems
• ISSN: 1060-3271; 1944-7922
• DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/91.4.894

Accurate standardized methods for the determination of amino acid in foods are required to assess the nutritional safety and compositional adequacy of sole source foods such as infant formulas and enteral nutritionals, and protein and amino acid supplements and their hydrolysates, and to assess protein claims of foods. Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), which requires information on amino acid composition, is the official method for assessing protein claims of foods and supplements sold in the United States. PDCAAS has also been adopted internationally as the most suitable method for routine evaluation of protein quality of foods by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. Standardized methods for analysis of amino acids by ion-exchange chromatography have been developed. However, there is a need to develop validated methods of amino acid analysis in foods using liquid chromatographic techniques, which have replaced ion-exchange methods for quantifying amino acids in most laboratories. Bioactive peptides from animal and plant proteins have been found to potentially impact human health. A wide range of physiological effects, including blood pressure-lowering effects, cholesterol-lowering ability, antithrombotic effects, enhancement of mineral absorption, and immunomodulatory effects have been described for bioactive peptides. There is considerable commercial interest in developing functional foods containing bioactive peptides. There is also a need to develop accurate standardized methods for the characterization (amino acid sequencing) and quantification of bioactive peptides and to carry out dose-response studies in animal models and clinical trials to assess safety, potential allergenicity, potential intolerance, and efficacy of bioactive peptides. Information from these studies is needed for determining the upper safe levels of bioactive peptides and as the basis for developing potential health claims for bioactive peptides. This information is, in turn, needed by regulatory agencies for developing appropriate policy and regulations on adding these substances to foods and for determining if health claims are scientifically substantiated.