Applications of musculoskeletal sonography

• Published in: Journal of clinical ultrasound 1999-07, Vol.27 (6), p.293-318
• Main Authors: Hashimoto, Beverly E., Kramer, Dawna J., Wiitala, Lynn
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: ankle; Ankle - diagnostic imaging; Ankle - pathology; Biological and medical sciences; bursa; Elbow - diagnostic imaging; Elbow - pathology; Foot - diagnostic imaging; Foot - pathology; Hand - diagnostic imaging; Hand - pathology; hip; Hip - diagnostic imaging; Hip - pathology; Humans; Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects); Joint Diseases - diagnostic imaging; Joints; Knee - diagnostic imaging; Knee - pathology; Medical sciences; muscles; Musculoskeletal Diseases - diagnosis; Musculoskeletal System - diagnostic imaging; Shoulder - diagnostic imaging; Shoulder - pathology; tendons; Ultrasonic investigative techniques; ultrasonography; Ultrasonography - methods; wrist; Wrist - diagnostic imaging; Wrist - pathology
• ISSN: 0091-2751; 1097-0096
• DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0096(199907/08)27:6<293::AID-JCU1>3.0.CO;2-C

To successfully examine the musculoskeletal system sonographically, one must understand the normal musculoskeletal anatomy and function and be aware of the abnormal processes that affect the musculoskeletal structures. The goal of this review article is to provide a systematic approach to sonographic examination of the musculoskeletal system. The general sonographic appearances of normal and abnormal muscles, tendons, ligaments, bursae, and nerves are reviewed. The article then applies this general information to specific clinical applications by reviewing the normal anatomy of and specific pathologic conditions that affect the shoulder, elbow, hand, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, and foot. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 27:293–318, 1999.