The development of urological endoscopy in America

This article deals with the history of medicine in American urology, where endoscopy is a very important subject. The development of endoscopy in America unrolled in three phases: the acquisition of European techniques and instruments, realization of the ideas of American researchers, and original c...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:World journal of urology 1999-06, Vol.17 (3), p.176-183
Main Authors: Reuter, M A, Reuter, H J
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Diagnostic Techniques, Urological - history
Diagnostic Techniques, Urological - instrumentation
Endoscopes - history
Endoscopy - history
Equipment Design - history
History of medicine
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
Humans
United States
Urology - history
Urology - instrumentation
Urology - methods
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Summary:This article deals with the history of medicine in American urology, where endoscopy is a very important subject. The development of endoscopy in America unrolled in three phases: the acquisition of European techniques and instruments, realization of the ideas of American researchers, and original creations that forwarded endoscopy considerably. European instruments were acquired in the nineteenth century, culminating in the instruments developed by Max Nitze. When Wappler started the production of endoscopes in 1905, they were the basis for the development of numerous modifications and innovations such as electrosurgery, developed by Beer in 1910, with the Resonator created by Wappler; the resectoscope, invented by Stern and McCarthy in 1931; "cold light" using glass fibers for illumination, described by ACMI in 1960; the flexible fiber ureterorenoscope, described by Marshall in 1960; and fluorescence cystoscopy, introduced by I. M. Bush and W. F. Whitmore in 1964.
ISSN:0724-4983
1433-8726
DOI:10.1007/s003450050128