Clinical symptoms and diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in pet rabbits

• Published in: Veterinary parasitology 2008-02, Vol.151 (2), p.115-124
• Main Authors: Künzel, Frank, Gruber, Andrea, Tichy, Alexander, Edelhofer, Renate, Nell, Barbara, Hassan, Jasmin, Leschnik, Michael, Thalhammer, Johann G., Joachim, Anja
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animal Diseases - diagnosis; Animal Diseases - drug therapy; Animal Diseases - microbiology; Animal Diseases - physiopathology; animal pathogenic fungi; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Antibodies, Fungal - blood; Antinematodal Agents - therapeutic use; Austria - epidemiology; Body Fluids - microbiology; cerebrospinal fluid; diagnostic techniques; disease detection; Encephalitozoon cuniculi; Encephalitozoon cuniculi - isolation & purification; Encephalitozoon cuniculi - pathogenicity; Encephalitozoonosis; Encephalitozoonosis - diagnosis; Encephalitozoonosis - drug therapy; Encephalitozoonosis - physiopathology; Encephalitozoonosis - veterinary; eyes; Fenbendazole - therapeutic use; Microsporidia; microsporidiosis; mortality; nervous system diseases; Neurological symptoms; pathogen identification; pets; Phacoclastic uveitis; polymerase chain reaction; Polymerase chain reaction (PCR); Polymerase Chain Reaction - veterinary; prognosis; rabbit diseases; Rabbits; Rabbits - microbiology; Renal failure; serodiagnosis; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Serology; seroprevalence; signs and symptoms (animals and humans); Toxoplasma gondii; Treatment Outcome; urine
• ISSN: 0304-4017; 1873-2550
• DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.005

Infections with Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits are observed at increasing frequency and are known as opportunistic infections in immunocompromised humans. 191 pet rabbits with suspected encephalitozoonosis, presented at the Animal Hospital of the Veterinary University of Vienna (Austria), were included in this study. Rabbits were serologically examined for antibodies against E. cuniculi (144 positive out of 184 rabbits with suspected encephalitozoonosis compared to 14 positive out of 40 clinically healthy rabbits tested as part of a standard health check) and Toxoplasma gondii (8 positive out of 157). Of the 144 seropositive rabbits with clinical signs, 75% showed neurological symptoms, 14.6% demonstrated phacoclastic uveitis and 3.5% suffered from renal failure. 6.9% of the animals had combined symptoms. Vestibular disease dominated within the rabbits that showed neurological symptoms. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) could not detect parasite DNA in urine or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but did so in 4 out of 5 samples of liquefied lens material in cases with phacoclastic uveitis due to lens capsule rupture. Additionally further diagnostic procedures, such as inspection of the external ear canal ( N = 69), radiography of the tympanic bullae ( N = 65) were performed to rule out differential diagnosis. 54.2% of the patients exhibiting neurological symptoms recovered within a few days, while 87.5% of the rabbits suffering from renal failure died or had to be euthanized.