Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene 7-repeat allele with children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An update

Polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor D4 gene DRD4, 11p15.5, have previously been associated with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [Bobb et al., 2005; Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 132:109–125; Faraone et al., 2005; Biol Psychiatry 57:1313–1323; Thapar et al., 2005; Hum Mol G...

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Published in:American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics Neuropsychiatric genetics, 2007-04, Vol.144B (3), p.379-382
Main Authors: Gornick, M.C., Addington, Anjene, Shaw, P., Bobb, A.J., Sharp, W., Greenstein, D., Arepalli, S., Castellanos, F.X., Rapoport, J.L.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adolescent
Adult
Alleles
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - genetics
Biological and medical sciences
Case-Control Studies
Child
Family
Gene Frequency
genetic association
Genetic Linkage
Humans
Medical genetics
Medical sciences
Minisatellite Repeats
quantitative TDT
Receptors, Dopamine D4 - genetics
transmission disequilibrium test
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Summary:Polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor D4 gene DRD4, 11p15.5, have previously been associated with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [Bobb et al., 2005; Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 132:109–125; Faraone et al., 2005; Biol Psychiatry 57:1313–1323; Thapar et al., 2005; Hum Mol Genet 14 Spec No. 2:R275‐R282]. As a follow up to a pilot study [see Castellanos et al., 1998; Mol Psychiatry 3:431–434] consisting of 41 probands and 56 controls which found no significant association between the DRD4 7‐repeat allele in exon 3 and ADHD, a greatly expanded study sample (cases n = 166 and controls n = 282) and long term follow‐up (n = 107, baseline mean age n = 9, follow‐up mean age of n = 15) prompted reexamination of this gene. The DRD4 7‐repeat allele was significantly more frequent in ADHD cases than controls (OR = 1.2; P = 0.028). Further, within the ADHD group, the 7‐repeat allele was associated with better cognitive performance (measured by the WISC‐III) (P = 0.013–0.07) as well as a trend for association with better long‐term outcome. This provides further evidence of the role of the DRD4 7‐repeat allele in the etiology of ADHD and suggests that this allele may be associated with a more benign form of the disorder. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ISSN:1552-4841
1552-485X
DOI:10.1002/ajmg.b.30460