Effect of flumazenil-augmentation on microsleep and mood in depressed patients during partial sleep deprivation

• Published in: Journal of psychiatric research 2007-11, Vol.41 (10), p.876-884
• Main Authors: Hemmeter, Ulrich, Hatzinger, Martin, Brand, Serge, Holsboer-Trachsler, Edith
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Affect - drug effects; Arousal - drug effects; Attention - drug effects; Biological and medical sciences; Combined Modality Therapy; Depression; Depressive Disorder, Major - diagnosis; Depressive Disorder, Major - psychology; Depressive Disorder, Major - therapy; Disorders of higher nervous function. Focal brain diseases. Central vestibular syndrome and deafness. Brain stem syndromes; Double-Blind Method; Electroencephalography - drug effects; Female; Flumazenil; Flumazenil - administration & dosage; GABA; GABA Modulators - administration & dosage; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; Humans; Major depression; Male; Medical sciences; Microsleep; Middle Aged; Mood disorders; Nervous system (semeiology, syndromes); Neurology; Pain Measurement - drug effects; Polysomnography; Polysomnography - drug effects; Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Sleep deprivation; Sleep Deprivation - psychology; Sleep Stages - drug effects; Treatment Outcome; Wakefulness - drug effects
• ISSN: 0022-3956; 1879-1379
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.004

Abstract The antidepressive effect of sleep deprivation (SD) in depressed patients disappears after sleep of the recovery night and after early morning naps. Both can provoke a rapid relapse into depression in SD-responders. In addition, the occurrence of short episodes of sleep (termed microsleep, MS) during partial SD (PSD) is associated with SD-nonresponse, suggesting that MS during the time awake may be related to relapse or PSD-nonresponse. The GABA-benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil augments vigilance and reduces NonREM-sleep pressure in early morning recovery sleep in volunteers after SD. Therefore, in this study 27 patients with major depression were subjected to a PSD. In a double blind randomized design either flumazenil or placebo was orally applied during PSD in order to examine whether the application of flumazenil reduces sleep propensity and thus, increases antidepressant efficacy of PSD. EEG was registered continuously for 60 h by a portable device for the assessment of microsleep episodes at baseline and during PSD. Flumazenil application significantly suppressed frequency and total amount of MS. While the antidepressant efficacy of PSD was not different between flumazenil and placebo during PSD, the subjective mood improved after the recovery night in patients treated with flumazenil. It is concluded that GABAergic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of MS during PSD, which may be related to a mood stabilizing effect after the recovery night. However, the mechanisms underlying the association between the occurrence of MS during PSD and mood variation have to be further clarified.