Genes encoding the vacuolar Na+/H+ exchanger and flower coloration

• Published in: Plant and cell physiology 2001-05, Vol.42 (5), p.451-461
• Main Authors: Yamaguchi, T. (National Inst. for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi (Japan)), Fukada Tanaka, S, Inagaki, Y, Saito, N, Yonekura Sakakibara, K, Tanaka, Y, Kusumi, T, Iida, S
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biological Transport; COLOUR; FLOWERS; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; GENES; HYDROGEN; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; IONS; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; PHARBITIS NIL; Phylogeny; Pigmentation - genetics; Plant Proteins - genetics; Plants - drug effects; Plants - genetics; RNA, Messenger - drug effects; RNA, Messenger - genetics; RNA, Messenger - metabolism; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; SODIUM; Sodium Chloride - pharmacology; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers - genetics; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers - metabolism; VACUOLES; Vacuoles - metabolism
• ISSN: 0032-0781; 1471-9053
• DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce080

Vacuolar pH plays an important role in flower coloration: an increase in the vacuolar pH causes blueing of flower color. In the Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil or Pharbitis nil), a shift from reddish-purple buds to blue open flowers correlates with an increase in the vacuolar pH. We describe details of the characterization of a mutant that carries a recessive mutation in the Purple (Pr) gene encoding a vacuolar Na+ / H+ exchanger termed InNHX1. The genome of 1. nil carries one copy of the Pr (or InNHX1) gene and its pseudogene, and it showed functional complementation to the yeast nhx1 mutation. The mutant of 1. nil, called purple (pr), showed a partial increase in the vacuolar pH during flower-opening and its reddish-purple buds change into purple open flowers. The vacuolar pH in the purple open flowers of the mutant was significantly lower than that in the blue opcn flowers. The InNHX1 gene is most abundantly expressed in the petals at around 12 h before flower-opening, accompanying the increase in the vacuolar pH for the blue flower coloration. No such massive expression was observed in the petunia flowers. Since the NHX1 genes that promote the transport of Na+ into the vacuoles have been regarded to be involved in salt tolerance by accumulating Na+ in the vacuoles, we can add a new biological role for blue flower coloration in the Japanese morning glory by the vacuolar alkalization.