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Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Periodontal Status of Healthy Young Adults
Background: It has been shown that tobacco is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease; however, there have been few studies on young populations where problems of general health can be discounted. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of tobacco consumption on the periodon...
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| Published in: | Journal of periodontology (1970) 2000-01, Vol.71 (1), p.73-78 |
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| container_title | Journal of periodontology (1970) |
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| creator | Machuca, Guillermo Rosales, Isabel Lacalle, Juan R. Machuca, Carmen Bullón, Pedro |
| description | Background: It has been shown that tobacco is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease; however, there have been few studies on young populations where problems of general health can be discounted. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of tobacco consumption on the periodontal condition of a young, healthy population.
Methods: The study population consisted of 304 young Caucasian males (average age 19.38 ± 0.72 years) entering the Armed Forces. All the subjects completed a self‐administered questionnaire on age, oral hygiene habits, previous dental examinations, and quantity and length of tobacco use. The periodontal examination consisted of the plaque index (PI); periodontal bleeding index (PBl); probing depth (PD); and clinical attachment level (CAL). One‐ and 2‐way ANOVA was used to compare data recorded between smokers and nonsmokers.
Results: Forty‐six percent of subjects reported that they brushed their teeth at least once a day, but only 13% visited a dentist at least once a year. Over half (53%) were habitual smokers, 43% smoking between 5 and 20 cigarettes per day; 39% of the smokers had been smoking for less than 5 years. Mean Pl was 31.24 ± 14.88 (27.19 ± 15.93 for smokers and 35.78 ± 12.17 for non‐smokers), with significant differences between non‐smokers and those who smoked 5 to 20 cigarettes per day (26.85 ± 16.11, P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1902/jop.2000.71.1.73 |
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| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_70907033</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>70907033</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4373-abddd06d4e927de0f0c364bfeba2141e62f9de0eba338ca6df8d5770ba6a59c43</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkDFPwzAQRi0EoqWwM6FMbAnnOLXrsaoKLapERWFgspzYLilJXGJHqP8eR-3AxnS60_ueTh9CtxgSzCF92Nl9kgJAwnCCE0bO0BDzjMSEMjhHQ4A0jUnG0wG6cm4XVpwRuEQDDJSPeYaHaDk3Rhc-siaalVvZau91tKntV9lsI9tEa92WVtnGyyraeOk716MLLSv_eYg-bBewqeoq767RhZGV0zenOULvj_O32SJevTwtZ9NVXGSEkVjmSimgKtM8ZUqDgYLQLDc6l-E7rGlqeDiHlZBJIakyEzVmDHJJ5ZgHxwjdH7371n532nlRl67QVSUbbTsnGHBgQEgA4QgWrXWu1Ubs27KW7UFgEH19ItQn-voEwwIL1kfuTu4ur7X6Ezj2FQB6BH7KSh_-FYrn9fwVIJh_AQS_fRg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>70907033</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Periodontal Status of Healthy Young Adults</title><source>Wiley</source><creator>Machuca, Guillermo ; Rosales, Isabel ; Lacalle, Juan R. ; Machuca, Carmen ; Bullón, Pedro</creator><creatorcontrib>Machuca, Guillermo ; Rosales, Isabel ; Lacalle, Juan R. ; Machuca, Carmen ; Bullón, Pedro</creatorcontrib><description>Background: It has been shown that tobacco is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease; however, there have been few studies on young populations where problems of general health can be discounted. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of tobacco consumption on the periodontal condition of a young, healthy population.
Methods: The study population consisted of 304 young Caucasian males (average age 19.38 ± 0.72 years) entering the Armed Forces. All the subjects completed a self‐administered questionnaire on age, oral hygiene habits, previous dental examinations, and quantity and length of tobacco use. The periodontal examination consisted of the plaque index (PI); periodontal bleeding index (PBl); probing depth (PD); and clinical attachment level (CAL). One‐ and 2‐way ANOVA was used to compare data recorded between smokers and nonsmokers.
Results: Forty‐six percent of subjects reported that they brushed their teeth at least once a day, but only 13% visited a dentist at least once a year. Over half (53%) were habitual smokers, 43% smoking between 5 and 20 cigarettes per day; 39% of the smokers had been smoking for less than 5 years. Mean Pl was 31.24 ± 14.88 (27.19 ± 15.93 for smokers and 35.78 ± 12.17 for non‐smokers), with significant differences between non‐smokers and those who smoked 5 to 20 cigarettes per day (26.85 ± 16.11, P <0.0001). Mean PBl was 42.29 ± 8.43 (non‐smokers 44.67 ± 6.53 and smokers 40.17 ± 9.46). Significant differences were found between the PBl of the non‐smokers and of those who smoked 5 to 20 cigarettes per day (39.90 ± 9.64, P <0.0001). There were also differences in the PBl between those who brushed their teeth once (40.53 ± 9.61) and twice (44.86 ± 5.9) a day (P <0.0001). Mean PD was 1.62 ± 0.43 mm (non‐smokers 1.56 ± 0.36 and smokers 1.68 ± 0.49). Deeper probing depths were recorded among smokers than among non‐smokers, with statistically significant differences (P <0.049); statistically significant differences were also found between those who attended (1.49 ± 0.50) and those who did not attend (1.65 ± 0.42) regular dental check‐ups (P <0.031). Mean CAL 1.75 ± 0.41 (non‐smokers 1.64 ± 0.32 and smokers 1.82 ± 0.44).
Conclusions: It may be concluded that, even at such an early age, tobacco consumption affects the periodontal health. It is necessary to inform young smokers of the risk of tobacco use regarding periodontal health. J Periodontol 2000;71:73‐78.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-3492</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1943-3670</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.1.73</identifier><identifier>PMID: 10695941</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>737 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60611‐2690, USA: American Academy of Periodontology</publisher><subject>Adult ; Age Factors ; Analysis of Variance ; Attitude to Health ; Dental Care ; Dental Plaque Index ; Dentistry ; Gingival Hemorrhage - classification ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Male ; Military Personnel ; Oral Hygiene ; Periodontal Attachment Loss - classification ; Periodontal Diseases - etiology ; Periodontal Pocket - classification ; Periodontium - physiopathology ; Risk Factors ; Smoking - adverse effects ; Smoking - physiopathology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Time Factors ; tobacco/adverse effects ; Toothbrushing</subject><ispartof>Journal of periodontology (1970), 2000-01, Vol.71 (1), p.73-78</ispartof><rights>2000 American Academy of Periodontology</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4373-abddd06d4e927de0f0c364bfeba2141e62f9de0eba338ca6df8d5770ba6a59c43</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10695941$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Machuca, Guillermo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosales, Isabel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lacalle, Juan R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Machuca, Carmen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bullón, Pedro</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Periodontal Status of Healthy Young Adults</title><title>Journal of periodontology (1970)</title><addtitle>J Periodontol</addtitle><description>Background: It has been shown that tobacco is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease; however, there have been few studies on young populations where problems of general health can be discounted. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of tobacco consumption on the periodontal condition of a young, healthy population.
Methods: The study population consisted of 304 young Caucasian males (average age 19.38 ± 0.72 years) entering the Armed Forces. All the subjects completed a self‐administered questionnaire on age, oral hygiene habits, previous dental examinations, and quantity and length of tobacco use. The periodontal examination consisted of the plaque index (PI); periodontal bleeding index (PBl); probing depth (PD); and clinical attachment level (CAL). One‐ and 2‐way ANOVA was used to compare data recorded between smokers and nonsmokers.
Results: Forty‐six percent of subjects reported that they brushed their teeth at least once a day, but only 13% visited a dentist at least once a year. Over half (53%) were habitual smokers, 43% smoking between 5 and 20 cigarettes per day; 39% of the smokers had been smoking for less than 5 years. Mean Pl was 31.24 ± 14.88 (27.19 ± 15.93 for smokers and 35.78 ± 12.17 for non‐smokers), with significant differences between non‐smokers and those who smoked 5 to 20 cigarettes per day (26.85 ± 16.11, P <0.0001). Mean PBl was 42.29 ± 8.43 (non‐smokers 44.67 ± 6.53 and smokers 40.17 ± 9.46). Significant differences were found between the PBl of the non‐smokers and of those who smoked 5 to 20 cigarettes per day (39.90 ± 9.64, P <0.0001). There were also differences in the PBl between those who brushed their teeth once (40.53 ± 9.61) and twice (44.86 ± 5.9) a day (P <0.0001). Mean PD was 1.62 ± 0.43 mm (non‐smokers 1.56 ± 0.36 and smokers 1.68 ± 0.49). Deeper probing depths were recorded among smokers than among non‐smokers, with statistically significant differences (P <0.049); statistically significant differences were also found between those who attended (1.49 ± 0.50) and those who did not attend (1.65 ± 0.42) regular dental check‐ups (P <0.031). Mean CAL 1.75 ± 0.41 (non‐smokers 1.64 ± 0.32 and smokers 1.82 ± 0.44).
Conclusions: It may be concluded that, even at such an early age, tobacco consumption affects the periodontal health. It is necessary to inform young smokers of the risk of tobacco use regarding periodontal health. J Periodontol 2000;71:73‐78.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Analysis of Variance</subject><subject>Attitude to Health</subject><subject>Dental Care</subject><subject>Dental Plaque Index</subject><subject>Dentistry</subject><subject>Gingival Hemorrhage - classification</subject><subject>Health Behavior</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Military Personnel</subject><subject>Oral Hygiene</subject><subject>Periodontal Attachment Loss - classification</subject><subject>Periodontal Diseases - etiology</subject><subject>Periodontal Pocket - classification</subject><subject>Periodontium - physiopathology</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Smoking - adverse effects</subject><subject>Smoking - physiopathology</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>tobacco/adverse effects</subject><subject>Toothbrushing</subject><issn>0022-3492</issn><issn>1943-3670</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2000</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkDFPwzAQRi0EoqWwM6FMbAnnOLXrsaoKLapERWFgspzYLilJXGJHqP8eR-3AxnS60_ueTh9CtxgSzCF92Nl9kgJAwnCCE0bO0BDzjMSEMjhHQ4A0jUnG0wG6cm4XVpwRuEQDDJSPeYaHaDk3Rhc-siaalVvZau91tKntV9lsI9tEa92WVtnGyyraeOk716MLLSv_eYg-bBewqeoq767RhZGV0zenOULvj_O32SJevTwtZ9NVXGSEkVjmSimgKtM8ZUqDgYLQLDc6l-E7rGlqeDiHlZBJIakyEzVmDHJJ5ZgHxwjdH7371n532nlRl67QVSUbbTsnGHBgQEgA4QgWrXWu1Ubs27KW7UFgEH19ItQn-voEwwIL1kfuTu4ur7X6Ezj2FQB6BH7KSh_-FYrn9fwVIJh_AQS_fRg</recordid><startdate>200001</startdate><enddate>200001</enddate><creator>Machuca, Guillermo</creator><creator>Rosales, Isabel</creator><creator>Lacalle, Juan R.</creator><creator>Machuca, Carmen</creator><creator>Bullón, Pedro</creator><general>American Academy of Periodontology</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200001</creationdate><title>Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Periodontal Status of Healthy Young Adults</title><author>Machuca, Guillermo ; Rosales, Isabel ; Lacalle, Juan R. ; Machuca, Carmen ; Bullón, Pedro</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4373-abddd06d4e927de0f0c364bfeba2141e62f9de0eba338ca6df8d5770ba6a59c43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2000</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Analysis of Variance</topic><topic>Attitude to Health</topic><topic>Dental Care</topic><topic>Dental Plaque Index</topic><topic>Dentistry</topic><topic>Gingival Hemorrhage - classification</topic><topic>Health Behavior</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Military Personnel</topic><topic>Oral Hygiene</topic><topic>Periodontal Attachment Loss - classification</topic><topic>Periodontal Diseases - etiology</topic><topic>Periodontal Pocket - classification</topic><topic>Periodontium - physiopathology</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Smoking - adverse effects</topic><topic>Smoking - physiopathology</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><topic>tobacco/adverse effects</topic><topic>Toothbrushing</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Machuca, Guillermo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosales, Isabel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lacalle, Juan R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Machuca, Carmen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bullón, Pedro</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of periodontology (1970)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Machuca, Guillermo</au><au>Rosales, Isabel</au><au>Lacalle, Juan R.</au><au>Machuca, Carmen</au><au>Bullón, Pedro</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Periodontal Status of Healthy Young Adults</atitle><jtitle>Journal of periodontology (1970)</jtitle><addtitle>J Periodontol</addtitle><date>2000-01</date><risdate>2000</risdate><volume>71</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>73</spage><epage>78</epage><pages>73-78</pages><issn>0022-3492</issn><eissn>1943-3670</eissn><abstract>Background: It has been shown that tobacco is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease; however, there have been few studies on young populations where problems of general health can be discounted. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of tobacco consumption on the periodontal condition of a young, healthy population.
Methods: The study population consisted of 304 young Caucasian males (average age 19.38 ± 0.72 years) entering the Armed Forces. All the subjects completed a self‐administered questionnaire on age, oral hygiene habits, previous dental examinations, and quantity and length of tobacco use. The periodontal examination consisted of the plaque index (PI); periodontal bleeding index (PBl); probing depth (PD); and clinical attachment level (CAL). One‐ and 2‐way ANOVA was used to compare data recorded between smokers and nonsmokers.
Results: Forty‐six percent of subjects reported that they brushed their teeth at least once a day, but only 13% visited a dentist at least once a year. Over half (53%) were habitual smokers, 43% smoking between 5 and 20 cigarettes per day; 39% of the smokers had been smoking for less than 5 years. Mean Pl was 31.24 ± 14.88 (27.19 ± 15.93 for smokers and 35.78 ± 12.17 for non‐smokers), with significant differences between non‐smokers and those who smoked 5 to 20 cigarettes per day (26.85 ± 16.11, P <0.0001). Mean PBl was 42.29 ± 8.43 (non‐smokers 44.67 ± 6.53 and smokers 40.17 ± 9.46). Significant differences were found between the PBl of the non‐smokers and of those who smoked 5 to 20 cigarettes per day (39.90 ± 9.64, P <0.0001). There were also differences in the PBl between those who brushed their teeth once (40.53 ± 9.61) and twice (44.86 ± 5.9) a day (P <0.0001). Mean PD was 1.62 ± 0.43 mm (non‐smokers 1.56 ± 0.36 and smokers 1.68 ± 0.49). Deeper probing depths were recorded among smokers than among non‐smokers, with statistically significant differences (P <0.049); statistically significant differences were also found between those who attended (1.49 ± 0.50) and those who did not attend (1.65 ± 0.42) regular dental check‐ups (P <0.031). Mean CAL 1.75 ± 0.41 (non‐smokers 1.64 ± 0.32 and smokers 1.82 ± 0.44).
Conclusions: It may be concluded that, even at such an early age, tobacco consumption affects the periodontal health. It is necessary to inform young smokers of the risk of tobacco use regarding periodontal health. J Periodontol 2000;71:73‐78.</abstract><cop>737 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60611‐2690, USA</cop><pub>American Academy of Periodontology</pub><pmid>10695941</pmid><doi>10.1902/jop.2000.71.1.73</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
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| issn | 0022-3492 1943-3670 |
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| subjects | Adult Age Factors Analysis of Variance Attitude to Health Dental Care Dental Plaque Index Dentistry Gingival Hemorrhage - classification Health Behavior Humans Male Military Personnel Oral Hygiene Periodontal Attachment Loss - classification Periodontal Diseases - etiology Periodontal Pocket - classification Periodontium - physiopathology Risk Factors Smoking - adverse effects Smoking - physiopathology Surveys and Questionnaires Time Factors tobacco/adverse effects Toothbrushing |
| title | Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Periodontal Status of Healthy Young Adults |
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