Neuromotor development from 5 to 18 years. Part 2: associated movements

Associated movements (AMs) are the most frequently assessed parameters of movement quality in children with motor dysfunctions. In this article, reference curves of duration and degree of AMs from 5 to 18 years are provided. In a cross-sectional study of non-disabled children (n=662) duration and de...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Developmental medicine and child neurology 2001-07, Vol.43 (7), p.444-453
Main Authors: Largo, Remo H, Caflisch, Jon A, Hug, Franziska, Muggli, Kathrin, Molnar, Attila A, Molinari, Luciano
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adolescent
Algebra
Child
Child Development
Child, Preschool
Cross-Sectional Studies
Disabled Children - classification
Examiners
Female
Fingers
Foot
Hand
Humans
Interrater Reliability
Male
Motor Skills
Movement
Nervous System - growth & development
Observer Variation
Original Articles
Reference Values
Scoring
Sex Factors
Statistical Analysis
Teaching Methods
Test Reliability
Video Technology
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Summary:Associated movements (AMs) are the most frequently assessed parameters of movement quality in children with motor dysfunctions. In this article, reference curves of duration and degree of AMs from 5 to 18 years are provided. In a cross-sectional study of non-disabled children (n=662) duration and degree of AMs were estimated at six specific ages while children performed repetitive finger, hand, and foot movements, alternating hand and foot movements, diadochokinesis, sequential finger movements, pegboard, stress gaits, and dynamic balance. Moderate-to-high intraobserver and interobserver reliability for the assessment of AMs were noted. Duration and degree of AMs displayed a non-linear developmental course that was a function of the motor task's complexity. AMs decreased most with age in repetitive movements, less in alternating and sequential movements, and least in the pegboard and dynamic balance. Reference curves demonstrated large interindividual variations for duration and degree of AMs. Both the variable developmental course and large interindividual variation need to be taken into account in the assessment of movement quality of school-age children. In contrast to timed performance, considerable sex differences for AMs were observed.
ISSN:0012-1622
1469-8749
DOI:10.1017/S0012162201000822