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Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in Premenopausal, Healthy Vegans was Insufficient to Maintain Concentrations of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Intact Parathyroid Hormone Within Normal Ranges During the Winter in Finland
Objective To study vitamin D status and bone metabolism of premenopausal vegetarians and omnivores during a 1-year period. Design Longitudinal, observational study. Bone mineral density was measured, blood samples from fasting subjects were obtained, and 24-hour urinary samples were collected in Feb...
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| Published in: | Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2000-04, Vol.100 (4), p.434-441 |
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| container_title | Journal of the American Dietetic Association |
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| creator | OUTILA, TERHI AULIKKI KÄRKKÄINEN, MERJA ULLA MARGAREETTA SEPPÄNEN, RIITTA HELENA LAMBERG-ALLARDT, CHRISTEL JOHANNA EMILIA |
| description | Objective To study vitamin D status and bone metabolism of premenopausal vegetarians and omnivores during a 1-year period.
Design Longitudinal, observational study. Bone mineral density was measured, blood samples from fasting subjects were obtained, and 24-hour urinary samples were collected in February 1994, August 1994, and January 1995. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [S-25(OH)D] and intact parathyroid hormone (Si-PTH) concentrations were measured and intestinal calcium absorption was estimated. Dietary intakes of vitamin D and calcium were calculated.
Subjects/setting Six vegans, 6 lactovegetarians, and 16 omnivores living in Helsinki, Finland.
Statistical analyses performed Student-Newman-Keuls test; unbalanced, repeated-measures multiple analysis of variance; analysis of covariance; Pearson correlation test; and linear regression analysis.
Results Dietary intake of vitamin D was significantly lower in vegans (
P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00134-6 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_71050876</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A64269284</galeid><els_id>S0002822300001346</els_id><sourcerecordid>A64269284</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c564t-5a2f4cdc5f94882ee7246679da1694e68eb8342a45b5e9d0506bfbc23d9264e3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkt9u0zAUxiMEYmXwCCBfIDSkBZx_jnOFppatkwpMbBqXluucpIbELrYz1hfleThpq8GkSciSrWP_vuNz7C-KXib0XUIT9v6SUprGPE2zI0rfUppkecweRZOElzzOipI-jiZ3yEH0zPvvGNIioU-jg4SWrORVNYl-zzQE6Tbk3AT5A4htyLUOsteGzAhOFw56MHYtBy-7YzIH2YXVhlxDK40nv6RHoR-aRisNJpBgySepMRVKp9Yo3HMyaIssZr4EN_QkLeLVpnb2dnNzd5M09bYCFciFRMVq46yuydy63hog33RYIfcZQ9mRr9K04MlscNq0JKzGcxPAjfWeatNhsufRk0Z2Hl7s18Po6vTj1XQeL76cnU9PFrEqWB7iQqZNrmpVNFXOeQpQpjljZVXLhFU5MA5LnuWpzItlAVVNC8qWzVKlWV2lLIfsMHqzS7t29ucAPoheewUdlgB28KJMUMJLhuDxDmxlB0KbxuK7qBYMONlhh43G7ROWp6xKeY54_ACOo4Zeq4f4o3s8IgFuQ4u_5gU_W9xDix2qnPXeQSPWTvfoAJFQMTpLbJ0lRtsISsXWWWLs4NW-1WHZQ_2PamclBF7vAemV7BonjdL-L5fhi_EMsQ87DPBbbjQ44UfrKKi1AxVEbfV_KvkDxuPsSg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>71050876</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in Premenopausal, Healthy Vegans was Insufficient to Maintain Concentrations of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Intact Parathyroid Hormone Within Normal Ranges During the Winter in Finland</title><source>ScienceDirect Freedom Collection</source><creator>OUTILA, TERHI AULIKKI ; KÄRKKÄINEN, MERJA ULLA MARGAREETTA ; SEPPÄNEN, RIITTA HELENA ; LAMBERG-ALLARDT, CHRISTEL JOHANNA EMILIA</creator><creatorcontrib>OUTILA, TERHI AULIKKI ; KÄRKKÄINEN, MERJA ULLA MARGAREETTA ; SEPPÄNEN, RIITTA HELENA ; LAMBERG-ALLARDT, CHRISTEL JOHANNA EMILIA</creatorcontrib><description>Objective To study vitamin D status and bone metabolism of premenopausal vegetarians and omnivores during a 1-year period.
Design Longitudinal, observational study. Bone mineral density was measured, blood samples from fasting subjects were obtained, and 24-hour urinary samples were collected in February 1994, August 1994, and January 1995. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [S-25(OH)D] and intact parathyroid hormone (Si-PTH) concentrations were measured and intestinal calcium absorption was estimated. Dietary intakes of vitamin D and calcium were calculated.
Subjects/setting Six vegans, 6 lactovegetarians, and 16 omnivores living in Helsinki, Finland.
Statistical analyses performed Student-Newman-Keuls test; unbalanced, repeated-measures multiple analysis of variance; analysis of covariance; Pearson correlation test; and linear regression analysis.
Results Dietary intake of vitamin D was significantly lower in vegans (
P<.05, yearly mean±standard deviation=0.09± 0.06 μg/day) and in lactovegetarians (
P<.05, 0.7±0.4 μg/ day) compared with omnivores (4.0±2.1 (μg/day). Throughout the year S-25(OH)D (
P=.01) concentrations were lower and S-iPTH (
P=.01) concentrations were higher in vegans than in omnivores and lactovegetarians. Bone mineral density in the lumbar region of the spine was lower in vegans (yearly mean±standard deviation=1.034±0.174 g/ cm
2) than in omnivores (
P=.05, 1.177±0.099 g/cm
2) and tended to be lower than that in lactovegetarians (
P=.17, 1.138±0.06 g/cm
2). Bone mineral density in the neck of the femur tended to be lower in vegans (0.843±0.116 g/cm
2) than in omnivores (
P=.07, 0.999±0.138 g/cm
2) and lactovegetarians (
P=.15, 0.961±0.059 g/cm
2). No seasonal variation was found in bone mineral density in the study groups.
Conclusions At northern latitudes, dietary intake of vitamin D in vegans was insufficient to maintain S-25(OH)D and S-iPTH concentrations within normal ranges in the winter, which seems to have negative effects on bone mineral density in the long run.
Applications An increase in vitamin D intake should generally be recommended for vegans at least during winter, or selections of foodstuffs fortified with vitamin D should be broadened in northern latitudes.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2000; 100:434-441.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0002-8223</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1878-3570</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00134-6</identifier><identifier>PMID: 10767899</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JADAAE</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York, NY: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Absorptiometry, Photon ; Adult ; Alfacalcidol ; Biological and medical sciences ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Density - drug effects ; Bone Density - physiology ; Bones ; Calcifediol ; Calcium - analysis ; Calcium - urine ; Calcium, Dietary ; Carnivora ; Dairy products ; Daylight ; Diet, Vegetarian - adverse effects ; Exercise ; Female ; Femur - physiology ; Finland ; Food habits ; Human physiology applied to population studies and life conditions. Human ecophysiology ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Lumbar Vertebrae - physiology ; Medical sciences ; Nutrition ; Nutritional survey. Food supply and nutritional requirement ; Parathyroid hormone ; Parathyroid Hormone - blood ; Phosphates - urine ; Physiological aspects ; Premenopause ; Seasons ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Sunlight ; Sunshine ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vegetarianism ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin D - administration & dosage ; Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives ; Vitamin D - blood ; Vitamin D - metabolism ; Vitamin D - pharmacology ; Vitamin D Deficiency - etiology ; Vitamin D Deficiency - physiopathology ; Vitamin metabolism ; Winter ; Women</subject><ispartof>Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2000-04, Vol.100 (4), p.434-441</ispartof><rights>2000 American Dietetic Association</rights><rights>2000 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2000 Elsevier Science Publishers</rights><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c564t-5a2f4cdc5f94882ee7246679da1694e68eb8342a45b5e9d0506bfbc23d9264e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c564t-5a2f4cdc5f94882ee7246679da1694e68eb8342a45b5e9d0506bfbc23d9264e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=1326483$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10767899$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>OUTILA, TERHI AULIKKI</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>KÄRKKÄINEN, MERJA ULLA MARGAREETTA</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SEPPÄNEN, RIITTA HELENA</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>LAMBERG-ALLARDT, CHRISTEL JOHANNA EMILIA</creatorcontrib><title>Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in Premenopausal, Healthy Vegans was Insufficient to Maintain Concentrations of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Intact Parathyroid Hormone Within Normal Ranges During the Winter in Finland</title><title>Journal of the American Dietetic Association</title><addtitle>J Am Diet Assoc</addtitle><description>Objective To study vitamin D status and bone metabolism of premenopausal vegetarians and omnivores during a 1-year period.
Design Longitudinal, observational study. Bone mineral density was measured, blood samples from fasting subjects were obtained, and 24-hour urinary samples were collected in February 1994, August 1994, and January 1995. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [S-25(OH)D] and intact parathyroid hormone (Si-PTH) concentrations were measured and intestinal calcium absorption was estimated. Dietary intakes of vitamin D and calcium were calculated.
Subjects/setting Six vegans, 6 lactovegetarians, and 16 omnivores living in Helsinki, Finland.
Statistical analyses performed Student-Newman-Keuls test; unbalanced, repeated-measures multiple analysis of variance; analysis of covariance; Pearson correlation test; and linear regression analysis.
Results Dietary intake of vitamin D was significantly lower in vegans (
P<.05, yearly mean±standard deviation=0.09± 0.06 μg/day) and in lactovegetarians (
P<.05, 0.7±0.4 μg/ day) compared with omnivores (4.0±2.1 (μg/day). Throughout the year S-25(OH)D (
P=.01) concentrations were lower and S-iPTH (
P=.01) concentrations were higher in vegans than in omnivores and lactovegetarians. Bone mineral density in the lumbar region of the spine was lower in vegans (yearly mean±standard deviation=1.034±0.174 g/ cm
2) than in omnivores (
P=.05, 1.177±0.099 g/cm
2) and tended to be lower than that in lactovegetarians (
P=.17, 1.138±0.06 g/cm
2). Bone mineral density in the neck of the femur tended to be lower in vegans (0.843±0.116 g/cm
2) than in omnivores (
P=.07, 0.999±0.138 g/cm
2) and lactovegetarians (
P=.15, 0.961±0.059 g/cm
2). No seasonal variation was found in bone mineral density in the study groups.
Conclusions At northern latitudes, dietary intake of vitamin D in vegans was insufficient to maintain S-25(OH)D and S-iPTH concentrations within normal ranges in the winter, which seems to have negative effects on bone mineral density in the long run.
Applications An increase in vitamin D intake should generally be recommended for vegans at least during winter, or selections of foodstuffs fortified with vitamin D should be broadened in northern latitudes.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2000; 100:434-441.</description><subject>Absorptiometry, Photon</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Alfacalcidol</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Body Mass Index</subject><subject>Bone Density - drug effects</subject><subject>Bone Density - physiology</subject><subject>Bones</subject><subject>Calcifediol</subject><subject>Calcium - analysis</subject><subject>Calcium - urine</subject><subject>Calcium, Dietary</subject><subject>Carnivora</subject><subject>Dairy products</subject><subject>Daylight</subject><subject>Diet, Vegetarian - adverse effects</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Femur - physiology</subject><subject>Finland</subject><subject>Food habits</subject><subject>Human physiology applied to population studies and life conditions. Human ecophysiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Longitudinal Studies</subject><subject>Lumbar Vertebrae - physiology</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Nutritional survey. Food supply and nutritional requirement</subject><subject>Parathyroid hormone</subject><subject>Parathyroid Hormone - blood</subject><subject>Phosphates - urine</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Premenopause</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Statistics, Nonparametric</subject><subject>Sunlight</subject><subject>Sunshine</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Vegetarianism</subject><subject>Vitamin D</subject><subject>Vitamin D - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives</subject><subject>Vitamin D - blood</subject><subject>Vitamin D - metabolism</subject><subject>Vitamin D - pharmacology</subject><subject>Vitamin D Deficiency - etiology</subject><subject>Vitamin D Deficiency - physiopathology</subject><subject>Vitamin metabolism</subject><subject>Winter</subject><subject>Women</subject><issn>0002-8223</issn><issn>1878-3570</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2000</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkt9u0zAUxiMEYmXwCCBfIDSkBZx_jnOFppatkwpMbBqXluucpIbELrYz1hfleThpq8GkSciSrWP_vuNz7C-KXib0XUIT9v6SUprGPE2zI0rfUppkecweRZOElzzOipI-jiZ3yEH0zPvvGNIioU-jg4SWrORVNYl-zzQE6Tbk3AT5A4htyLUOsteGzAhOFw56MHYtBy-7YzIH2YXVhlxDK40nv6RHoR-aRisNJpBgySepMRVKp9Yo3HMyaIssZr4EN_QkLeLVpnb2dnNzd5M09bYCFciFRMVq46yuydy63hog33RYIfcZQ9mRr9K04MlscNq0JKzGcxPAjfWeatNhsufRk0Z2Hl7s18Po6vTj1XQeL76cnU9PFrEqWB7iQqZNrmpVNFXOeQpQpjljZVXLhFU5MA5LnuWpzItlAVVNC8qWzVKlWV2lLIfsMHqzS7t29ucAPoheewUdlgB28KJMUMJLhuDxDmxlB0KbxuK7qBYMONlhh43G7ROWp6xKeY54_ACOo4Zeq4f4o3s8IgFuQ4u_5gU_W9xDix2qnPXeQSPWTvfoAJFQMTpLbJ0lRtsISsXWWWLs4NW-1WHZQ_2PamclBF7vAemV7BonjdL-L5fhi_EMsQ87DPBbbjQ44UfrKKi1AxVEbfV_KvkDxuPsSg</recordid><startdate>20000401</startdate><enddate>20000401</enddate><creator>OUTILA, TERHI AULIKKI</creator><creator>KÄRKKÄINEN, MERJA ULLA MARGAREETTA</creator><creator>SEPPÄNEN, RIITTA HELENA</creator><creator>LAMBERG-ALLARDT, CHRISTEL JOHANNA EMILIA</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Elsevier</general><general>Elsevier Science Publishers</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8GL</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20000401</creationdate><title>Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in Premenopausal, Healthy Vegans was Insufficient to Maintain Concentrations of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Intact Parathyroid Hormone Within Normal Ranges During the Winter in Finland</title><author>OUTILA, TERHI AULIKKI ; KÄRKKÄINEN, MERJA ULLA MARGAREETTA ; SEPPÄNEN, RIITTA HELENA ; LAMBERG-ALLARDT, CHRISTEL JOHANNA EMILIA</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c564t-5a2f4cdc5f94882ee7246679da1694e68eb8342a45b5e9d0506bfbc23d9264e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2000</creationdate><topic>Absorptiometry, Photon</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Alfacalcidol</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Body Mass Index</topic><topic>Bone Density - drug effects</topic><topic>Bone Density - physiology</topic><topic>Bones</topic><topic>Calcifediol</topic><topic>Calcium - analysis</topic><topic>Calcium - urine</topic><topic>Calcium, Dietary</topic><topic>Carnivora</topic><topic>Dairy products</topic><topic>Daylight</topic><topic>Diet, Vegetarian - adverse effects</topic><topic>Exercise</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Femur - physiology</topic><topic>Finland</topic><topic>Food habits</topic><topic>Human physiology applied to population studies and life conditions. Human ecophysiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Longitudinal Studies</topic><topic>Lumbar Vertebrae - physiology</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Nutrition</topic><topic>Nutritional survey. Food supply and nutritional requirement</topic><topic>Parathyroid hormone</topic><topic>Parathyroid Hormone - blood</topic><topic>Phosphates - urine</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Premenopause</topic><topic>Seasons</topic><topic>Statistics, Nonparametric</topic><topic>Sunlight</topic><topic>Sunshine</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Vegetarianism</topic><topic>Vitamin D</topic><topic>Vitamin D - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives</topic><topic>Vitamin D - blood</topic><topic>Vitamin D - metabolism</topic><topic>Vitamin D - pharmacology</topic><topic>Vitamin D Deficiency - etiology</topic><topic>Vitamin D Deficiency - physiopathology</topic><topic>Vitamin metabolism</topic><topic>Winter</topic><topic>Women</topic><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>OUTILA, TERHI AULIKKI</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>KÄRKKÄINEN, MERJA ULLA MARGAREETTA</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SEPPÄNEN, RIITTA HELENA</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>LAMBERG-ALLARDT, CHRISTEL JOHANNA EMILIA</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: High School</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of the American Dietetic Association</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>OUTILA, TERHI AULIKKI</au><au>KÄRKKÄINEN, MERJA ULLA MARGAREETTA</au><au>SEPPÄNEN, RIITTA HELENA</au><au>LAMBERG-ALLARDT, CHRISTEL JOHANNA EMILIA</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in Premenopausal, Healthy Vegans was Insufficient to Maintain Concentrations of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Intact Parathyroid Hormone Within Normal Ranges During the Winter in Finland</atitle><jtitle>Journal of the American Dietetic Association</jtitle><addtitle>J Am Diet Assoc</addtitle><date>2000-04-01</date><risdate>2000</risdate><volume>100</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>434</spage><epage>441</epage><pages>434-441</pages><issn>0002-8223</issn><eissn>1878-3570</eissn><coden>JADAAE</coden><abstract>Objective To study vitamin D status and bone metabolism of premenopausal vegetarians and omnivores during a 1-year period.
Design Longitudinal, observational study. Bone mineral density was measured, blood samples from fasting subjects were obtained, and 24-hour urinary samples were collected in February 1994, August 1994, and January 1995. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [S-25(OH)D] and intact parathyroid hormone (Si-PTH) concentrations were measured and intestinal calcium absorption was estimated. Dietary intakes of vitamin D and calcium were calculated.
Subjects/setting Six vegans, 6 lactovegetarians, and 16 omnivores living in Helsinki, Finland.
Statistical analyses performed Student-Newman-Keuls test; unbalanced, repeated-measures multiple analysis of variance; analysis of covariance; Pearson correlation test; and linear regression analysis.
Results Dietary intake of vitamin D was significantly lower in vegans (
P<.05, yearly mean±standard deviation=0.09± 0.06 μg/day) and in lactovegetarians (
P<.05, 0.7±0.4 μg/ day) compared with omnivores (4.0±2.1 (μg/day). Throughout the year S-25(OH)D (
P=.01) concentrations were lower and S-iPTH (
P=.01) concentrations were higher in vegans than in omnivores and lactovegetarians. Bone mineral density in the lumbar region of the spine was lower in vegans (yearly mean±standard deviation=1.034±0.174 g/ cm
2) than in omnivores (
P=.05, 1.177±0.099 g/cm
2) and tended to be lower than that in lactovegetarians (
P=.17, 1.138±0.06 g/cm
2). Bone mineral density in the neck of the femur tended to be lower in vegans (0.843±0.116 g/cm
2) than in omnivores (
P=.07, 0.999±0.138 g/cm
2) and lactovegetarians (
P=.15, 0.961±0.059 g/cm
2). No seasonal variation was found in bone mineral density in the study groups.
Conclusions At northern latitudes, dietary intake of vitamin D in vegans was insufficient to maintain S-25(OH)D and S-iPTH concentrations within normal ranges in the winter, which seems to have negative effects on bone mineral density in the long run.
Applications An increase in vitamin D intake should generally be recommended for vegans at least during winter, or selections of foodstuffs fortified with vitamin D should be broadened in northern latitudes.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2000; 100:434-441.</abstract><cop>New York, NY</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>10767899</pmid><doi>10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00134-6</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0002-8223 |
| ispartof | Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2000-04, Vol.100 (4), p.434-441 |
| issn | 0002-8223 1878-3570 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_71050876 |
| source | ScienceDirect Freedom Collection |
| subjects | Absorptiometry, Photon Adult Alfacalcidol Biological and medical sciences Body Mass Index Bone Density - drug effects Bone Density - physiology Bones Calcifediol Calcium - analysis Calcium - urine Calcium, Dietary Carnivora Dairy products Daylight Diet, Vegetarian - adverse effects Exercise Female Femur - physiology Finland Food habits Human physiology applied to population studies and life conditions. Human ecophysiology Humans Longitudinal Studies Lumbar Vertebrae - physiology Medical sciences Nutrition Nutritional survey. Food supply and nutritional requirement Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid Hormone - blood Phosphates - urine Physiological aspects Premenopause Seasons Statistics, Nonparametric Sunlight Sunshine Surveys and Questionnaires Vegetarianism Vitamin D Vitamin D - administration & dosage Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives Vitamin D - blood Vitamin D - metabolism Vitamin D - pharmacology Vitamin D Deficiency - etiology Vitamin D Deficiency - physiopathology Vitamin metabolism Winter Women |
| title | Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in Premenopausal, Healthy Vegans was Insufficient to Maintain Concentrations of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Intact Parathyroid Hormone Within Normal Ranges During the Winter in Finland |
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