Treatment of Childhood Asthma With Anti-Immunoglobulin E Antibody (Omalizumab)

• Published in: Pediatrics (Evanston) 2001-08, Vol.108 (2), p.e36-e36
• Main Authors: Milgrom, Henry, Berger, William, Nayak, Anjuli, Gupta, Niroo, Pollard, Stephen, McAlary, Margaret, Taylor, Angel Fowler, Rohane, Patricia
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acute Disease; Anti-Allergic Agents - administration & dosage; Anti-Allergic Agents - therapeutic use; Anti-Asthmatic Agents - therapeutic use; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Antibodies, Monoclonal - administration & dosage; Antibodies, Monoclonal - therapeutic use; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Asthma - diagnosis; Asthma - drug therapy; Beclomethasone - therapeutic use; Child; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Omalizumab; Pediatrics; Placebos; Treatment Outcome
• ISSN: 0031-4005; 1098-4275
• DOI: 10.1542/peds.108.2.e36

There seems to be a strong causal relationship between allergy and the origins of asthma. Susceptibility to both is determined by a combination of genetics and environment acting through a complex network of cytokines. Nearly 90% of affected children have positive skin tests indicating the presence of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), with sensitivity to house dust mite, Alternaria, cockroach, cat, and dog most closely linked to the disease. Greater exposure to house dust mite during infancy leads to earlier onset of wheezing, and elevated serum IgE levels correlate with the appearance of asthma symptoms. Specific IgE binds to high-affinity (FcepsilonRI) receptors on mast cells and basophils. The IgE-mediated reactions that follow exposure of sensitized mast cells to an allergen are designated early- and late-phase asthmatic responses (EAR and LAR). EAR is characterized by release of histamine and other preformed mediators within 1 hour of allergen exposure. It is often followed by LAR, an infiltration of the airways by inflammatory cells associated with an episode of more prolonged, and usually more severe airflow obstruction, 4 to 8 hours after antigen exposure. Chronic airway symptoms result from persistent LAR caused by continuous allergen exposure. IgE antibodies are capable of passive transfer of both EAR and LAR sensitivity. IgE-mediated mast cell activation contributes to chronic tissue eosinophilia and airway remodeling, with permanent loss in pulmonary function. Omalizumab (rhuMAb-E25) is a recombinant, humanized, monoclonal anti-IgE antibody of mouse origin developed for the treatment of IgE-mediated diseases. Omalizumab binds to free IgE at the same site as the high-affinity receptor. Although it attaches to free IgE, it does not bind to IgA, IgG, or cell-bound IgE. It therefore does not induce cross-linking of cell-bound IgE, which would lead to the release of allergic mediators. It has been reported to decrease serum IgE levels in a dose-dependent manner, inhibit EAR and LAR, and cause a down-regulation of FcepsilonRI receptors on basophils. Omalizumab has been reported to be safe and effective in improving asthma control and reducing the requirement for oral and inhaled corticosteroids. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluated the safety, steroid-sparing effects, and impact on disease exacerbations of omalizumab in the treatment of childhood asthma. Methods. Participants were 334 males and premenarchal females aged 6