Open Fractures of the Calcaneus: Soft-Tissue Injury Determines Outcome

• Published in: Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2003-12, Vol.85 (12), p.2276-2282
• Main Authors: Heier, Keith A, Infante, Anthony F, Walling, Arthur K, Sanders, Roy W
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use; Biological and medical sciences; Calcaneus - injuries; Cohort Studies; Combined Modality Therapy; Debridement - methods; Female; Florida; Fracture Fixation, Internal - adverse effects; Fracture Fixation, Internal - methods; Fracture Healing - physiology; Fractures, Open - diagnosis; Fractures, Open - epidemiology; Fractures, Open - therapy; Humans; Incidence; Injuries of the limb. Injuries of the spine; Injury Severity Score; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Orthopedic surgery; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Sex Distribution; Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases; Surgical Wound Infection - epidemiology; Surgical Wound Infection - therapy; Traumas. Diseases due to physical agents; Treatment Outcome; Wound Healing - physiology
• ISSN: 0021-9355; 1535-1386
• DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200312000-00002

BackgroundStudies of open calcaneal fractures have been limited and have not analyzed results according to wound location, severity of soft-tissue disruption, fracture type, or treatment method. In this study, results were evaluated on the basis of the hypothesis that early surgical intervention was indicated.MethodsBetween 1989 and 1997, 503 calcaneal fractures were treated at our institution, and forty-three of these fractures, in forty-two patients, were open (8.5%). According to the Gustilo classification there were nine type-I, eight type-II, twelve type-IIIA, and thirteen type-IIIB open fractures as well as one type-IIIC open fracture. All fractures were treated according to the same protocol, consisting of intravenous administration of antibiotics chosen on the basis of the wound type, irrigation and débridement in the operating room, temporary wound coverage, and initial stabilization of the limb. Definitive final fixation was performed after the wound was clean, and soft-tissue swelling was minimal. The final follow-up examinations were performed at a minimum of two years after treatment. Clinical results were graded with use of the AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) score.ResultsAn infection developed at the sites of 37% of the forty-three fractures, with osteomyelitis developing at the sites of 19%. Seven of the nine type-I open fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation or with primary fusion, with no major complications and a good-to-excellent short-term result. Three of the eight type-II open fractures were complicated by an infection. Three of the twelve type-IIIA open fractures and ten of the thirteen type-IIIB open fractures were complicated by an infection. Six of the infections associated with a type-IIIB open fracture progressed to osteomyelitis, and three of those cases led to an amputation. Overall, thirteen (50%) of the twenty-six type-III open fractures were complicated by an infection, with osteomyelitis occurring in seven (27%). Thirty-three patients with a total of thirty-four open calcaneal fractures were available for follow-up at a minimum of two years, and an average of fifty-five months. The average AOFAS hindfoot score for the twenty-seven patients who had not undergone amputation was 71 points.ConclusionsOpen calcaneal fractures have a high propensity for deep infection despite the use of an aggressive treatment protocol to prevent it. It appears that type-I and type-II open fractures