Na+/h+exchange inhibitors for cardioprotective therapy: progress, problems and prospects

• Published in: Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2002-03, Vol.39 (5), p.747-753
• Main Authors: Avkiran, Metin, Marber, Michael S
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antianginal agents. Coronary vasodilator agents; Biological and medical sciences; Cardiology; Cardiotonic Agents - therapeutic use; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular system; Clinical trials; Heart attacks; Heart failure; Humans; Ion Transport - drug effects; Ion Transport - physiology; Ischemia; Medical sciences; Myocardial Ischemia - physiopathology; Myocardial Ischemia - prevention & control; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Rodents; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers - antagonists & inhibitors; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers - therapeutic use; Studies
• ISSN: 0735-1097; 1558-3597
• DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01693-5

Extensive pre-clinical work indicates that inhibition of the sarcolemmal Na+/H+exchanger (NHE) affords significant protection to myocardium subjected to ischemia and reperfusion, predominantly through reduced intracellular accumulation of Na+and consequently Ca2+. In contrast, recent clinical studies with the NHE inhibitors cariporide and eniporide in patients with evolving myocardial infarction (MI) and those at risk of MI have provided mixed and somewhat contradictory data. The experimental evidence suggests that the key mechanism through which NHE inhibitors afford protection consists in slowing the progression of myocardial injury during ischemia and thereby enhancing myocardial salvage by reperfusion. It follows from this that, to obtain maximum cardioprotective benefit, 1) the NHE inhibitor must be present in jeopardized myocardium, at a concentration sufficient to inhibit NHE activity, before (or as soon as possible after) the onset of ischemia, and 2) ischemia must be terminated by timely reperfusion. Thus, in the GUARDIAN trial, the cardioprotective efficacy of cariporide was limited to the subset of high-risk patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery, in whom both prerequisites could be readily fulfilled. In contrast, no cardioprotective benefit was observed in the ESCAMI trial, in which eniporide was administered late as an adjunct to reperfusion therapy in patients with evolving MI. Ongoing clinical studies will determine whether NHE inhibition will find therapeutic application in the setting of cardiac surgery, while pre-clinical investigations continue to test the potential of NHE inhibitors in the treatment of other cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure.