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Analysing the mechanical performance and growth adaptation of Norway spruce using a non-linear finite-element model and experimental data
Thirteen Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] trees of different size, age, and social status, and grown under varying conditions, were investigated to see how they react to complex natural static loading under summer and winter conditions, and how they have adapted their growth to such combinati...
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Published in: | Journal of experimental botany 2008-06, Vol.59 (9), p.2513-2528 |
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description | Thirteen Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] trees of different size, age, and social status, and grown under varying conditions, were investigated to see how they react to complex natural static loading under summer and winter conditions, and how they have adapted their growth to such combinations of load and tree state. For this purpose a non-linear finite-element model and an extensive experimental data set were used, as well as a new formulation describing the degree to which the exploitation of the bending stress capacity is uniform. The three main findings were: material and geometric non-linearities play important roles when analysing tree deflections and critical loads; the strengths of the stem and the anchorage mutually adapt to the local wind acting on the tree crown in the forest canopy; and the radial stem growth follows a mechanically high-performance path because it adapts to prevailing as well as acute seasonal combinations of the tree state (e.g. frozen or unfrozen stem and anchorage) and load (e.g. wind and vertical and lateral snow pressure). Young trees appeared to adapt to such combinations in a more differentiated way than older trees. In conclusion, the mechanical performance of the Norway spruce studied was mostly very high, indicating that their overall growth had been clearly influenced by the external site- and tree-specific mechanical stress. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1093/jxb/ern116 |
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Karst.] trees of different size, age, and social status, and grown under varying conditions, were investigated to see how they react to complex natural static loading under summer and winter conditions, and how they have adapted their growth to such combinations of load and tree state. For this purpose a non-linear finite-element model and an extensive experimental data set were used, as well as a new formulation describing the degree to which the exploitation of the bending stress capacity is uniform. The three main findings were: material and geometric non-linearities play important roles when analysing tree deflections and critical loads; the strengths of the stem and the anchorage mutually adapt to the local wind acting on the tree crown in the forest canopy; and the radial stem growth follows a mechanically high-performance path because it adapts to prevailing as well as acute seasonal combinations of the tree state (e.g. frozen or unfrozen stem and anchorage) and load (e.g. wind and vertical and lateral snow pressure). Young trees appeared to adapt to such combinations in a more differentiated way than older trees. In conclusion, the mechanical performance of the Norway spruce studied was mostly very high, indicating that their overall growth had been clearly influenced by the external site- and tree-specific mechanical stress.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-0957</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1460-2431</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern116</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18544612</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JEBOA6</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Acclimatization ; Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions ; Bark ; Bending ; Biochemistry and biology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Chemical, physicochemical, biochemical and biological properties ; Climate ; Computer Simulation ; Coordinate systems ; critical load ; Ecosystem ; Frozen soils ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; mechanical optimisation ; Microbiology ; model performance and errors ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Physics, chemistry, biochemistry and biology of agricultural and forest soils ; Picea - chemistry ; Picea - growth & development ; Picea - physiology ; Plant adaptation ; Plant Stems - chemistry ; Plant Stems - growth & development ; Plant Stems - physiology ; Research Papers ; Rotation ; Shear stress ; Snow ; Soil science ; stem taper ; Stress, Mechanical ; structural behaviour ; thigmomorphogenesis ; Tree crowns ; Tree growth ; Trees ; Wind</subject><ispartof>Journal of experimental botany, 2008-06, Vol.59 (9), p.2513-2528</ispartof><rights>Society for Experimental Biology 2008</rights><rights>The Author [2008]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org 2008</rights><rights>2008 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>The Author [2008]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. 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Karst.] trees of different size, age, and social status, and grown under varying conditions, were investigated to see how they react to complex natural static loading under summer and winter conditions, and how they have adapted their growth to such combinations of load and tree state. For this purpose a non-linear finite-element model and an extensive experimental data set were used, as well as a new formulation describing the degree to which the exploitation of the bending stress capacity is uniform. The three main findings were: material and geometric non-linearities play important roles when analysing tree deflections and critical loads; the strengths of the stem and the anchorage mutually adapt to the local wind acting on the tree crown in the forest canopy; and the radial stem growth follows a mechanically high-performance path because it adapts to prevailing as well as acute seasonal combinations of the tree state (e.g. frozen or unfrozen stem and anchorage) and load (e.g. wind and vertical and lateral snow pressure). Young trees appeared to adapt to such combinations in a more differentiated way than older trees. In conclusion, the mechanical performance of the Norway spruce studied was mostly very high, indicating that their overall growth had been clearly influenced by the external site- and tree-specific mechanical stress.</description><subject>Acclimatization</subject><subject>Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions</subject><subject>Bark</subject><subject>Bending</subject><subject>Biochemistry and biology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Chemical, physicochemical, biochemical and biological properties</subject><subject>Climate</subject><subject>Computer Simulation</subject><subject>Coordinate systems</subject><subject>critical load</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>Frozen soils</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>mechanical optimisation</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>model performance and errors</subject><subject>Nonlinear Dynamics</subject><subject>Physics, chemistry, biochemistry and biology of agricultural and forest soils</subject><subject>Picea - chemistry</subject><subject>Picea - growth & development</subject><subject>Picea - physiology</subject><subject>Plant adaptation</subject><subject>Plant Stems - chemistry</subject><subject>Plant Stems - growth & development</subject><subject>Plant Stems - physiology</subject><subject>Research Papers</subject><subject>Rotation</subject><subject>Shear stress</subject><subject>Snow</subject><subject>Soil science</subject><subject>stem taper</subject><subject>Stress, Mechanical</subject><subject>structural behaviour</subject><subject>thigmomorphogenesis</subject><subject>Tree crowns</subject><subject>Tree growth</subject><subject>Trees</subject><subject>Wind</subject><issn>0022-0957</issn><issn>1460-2431</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp90V1r1EAUBuAgil2rN96rg6AXQux8ZrKXpfRDqB-oBdmb4SQ52c2azKQzCd39Cf5rZ5ulC14IgUDOw3sy8ybJS0Y_MjoXJ-tNcYLeMpY9SmZMZjTlUrDHyYxSzlM6V_ooeRbCmlKqqFJPkyOWKykzxmfJn1ML7TY0dkmGFZIOyxXYpoSW9Ohr5zuwJRKwFVl6dzesCFTQDzA0zhJXky_O38GWhN6PkY33OUCss2nbWARP6sY2A6bYYod2IJ2rsL2Pw01c0Ow-xl0VDPA8eVJDG_DF_n2c3Fyc_zy7Sq-_Xn46O71OSznnQ1prLrhEzGtWKJ4BVvGZQ0FVAbxALnKpgepcYK4BKsVVlWtdqFoIKVQF4jh5P-X23t2OGAbTNaHEtgWLbgxGsyzTSuYRvv0Hrt3o43UFw4WiTGuxQx8mVHoXgsfa9PFU4LeGUbNrx8R2zNROxK_3iWPRYXWg-zoieLcHEGIHtY-334QHx6mUWsvs4NzY_3_hq8mtw-D8IUdSEY-4m6fTvAkDbh7m4H-bTEdirn4tjP72-XLxXVKziP7N5GtwBpY-_tvND06ZoHROlc6Z-As_Q8l1</recordid><startdate>20080601</startdate><enddate>20080601</enddate><creator>Lundström, T</creator><creator>Jonas, T</creator><creator>Volkwein, A</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><general>Oxford Publishing Limited (England)</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20080601</creationdate><title>Analysing the mechanical performance and growth adaptation of Norway spruce using a non-linear finite-element model and experimental data</title><author>Lundström, T ; Jonas, T ; Volkwein, A</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c492t-f72324ee8f1b526aedaed9ab05ba2be23847a0783e87aad525d877b5f33435da3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2008</creationdate><topic>Acclimatization</topic><topic>Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions</topic><topic>Bark</topic><topic>Bending</topic><topic>Biochemistry and biology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Chemical, physicochemical, biochemical and biological properties</topic><topic>Climate</topic><topic>Computer Simulation</topic><topic>Coordinate systems</topic><topic>critical load</topic><topic>Ecosystem</topic><topic>Frozen soils</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>mechanical optimisation</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>model performance and errors</topic><topic>Nonlinear Dynamics</topic><topic>Physics, chemistry, biochemistry and biology of agricultural and forest soils</topic><topic>Picea - chemistry</topic><topic>Picea - growth & development</topic><topic>Picea - physiology</topic><topic>Plant adaptation</topic><topic>Plant Stems - chemistry</topic><topic>Plant Stems - growth & development</topic><topic>Plant Stems - physiology</topic><topic>Research Papers</topic><topic>Rotation</topic><topic>Shear stress</topic><topic>Snow</topic><topic>Soil science</topic><topic>stem taper</topic><topic>Stress, Mechanical</topic><topic>structural behaviour</topic><topic>thigmomorphogenesis</topic><topic>Tree crowns</topic><topic>Tree growth</topic><topic>Trees</topic><topic>Wind</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lundström, T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jonas, T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Volkwein, A</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of experimental botany</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lundström, T</au><au>Jonas, T</au><au>Volkwein, A</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Analysing the mechanical performance and growth adaptation of Norway spruce using a non-linear finite-element model and experimental data</atitle><jtitle>Journal of experimental botany</jtitle><addtitle>J Exp Bot</addtitle><date>2008-06-01</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>59</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>2513</spage><epage>2528</epage><pages>2513-2528</pages><issn>0022-0957</issn><eissn>1460-2431</eissn><coden>JEBOA6</coden><abstract>Thirteen Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] trees of different size, age, and social status, and grown under varying conditions, were investigated to see how they react to complex natural static loading under summer and winter conditions, and how they have adapted their growth to such combinations of load and tree state. For this purpose a non-linear finite-element model and an extensive experimental data set were used, as well as a new formulation describing the degree to which the exploitation of the bending stress capacity is uniform. The three main findings were: material and geometric non-linearities play important roles when analysing tree deflections and critical loads; the strengths of the stem and the anchorage mutually adapt to the local wind acting on the tree crown in the forest canopy; and the radial stem growth follows a mechanically high-performance path because it adapts to prevailing as well as acute seasonal combinations of the tree state (e.g. frozen or unfrozen stem and anchorage) and load (e.g. wind and vertical and lateral snow pressure). Young trees appeared to adapt to such combinations in a more differentiated way than older trees. In conclusion, the mechanical performance of the Norway spruce studied was mostly very high, indicating that their overall growth had been clearly influenced by the external site- and tree-specific mechanical stress.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>18544612</pmid><doi>10.1093/jxb/ern116</doi><tpages>16</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Acclimatization Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions Bark Bending Biochemistry and biology Biological and medical sciences Chemical, physicochemical, biochemical and biological properties Climate Computer Simulation Coordinate systems critical load Ecosystem Frozen soils Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology mechanical optimisation Microbiology model performance and errors Nonlinear Dynamics Physics, chemistry, biochemistry and biology of agricultural and forest soils Picea - chemistry Picea - growth & development Picea - physiology Plant adaptation Plant Stems - chemistry Plant Stems - growth & development Plant Stems - physiology Research Papers Rotation Shear stress Snow Soil science stem taper Stress, Mechanical structural behaviour thigmomorphogenesis Tree crowns Tree growth Trees Wind |
title | Analysing the mechanical performance and growth adaptation of Norway spruce using a non-linear finite-element model and experimental data |
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