The Crystal Structure of the Chemokine Domain of Fractalkine Shows a Novel Quaternary Arrangement

• Published in: The Journal of biological chemistry 2000-07, Vol.275 (30), p.23187-23193
• Main Authors: Hoover, David M., Mizoue, Laura S., Handel, Tracy M., Lubkowski, Jacek
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Chemokine CX3CL1; Chemokines, CX3C; Chemokines, CXC - chemistry; Crystallography, X-Ray; fractalkine; Membrane Proteins - chemistry; Models, Molecular; Protein Structure, Quaternary
• ISSN: 0021-9258; 1083-351X
• DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M002584200

Fractalkine, or neurotactin, is a chemokine that is present in endothelial cells from several tissues, including brain, liver, and kidney. It is the only member of the CX3C class of chemokines. Fractalkine contains a chemokine domain (CDF) attached to a membrane-spanning domain via a mucin-like stalk. However, fractalkine can also be proteolytically cleaved from its membrane-spanning domain to release a freely diffusible form. Fractalkine attracts and immobilizes leukocytes by binding to its receptor, CX3CR1. The x-ray crystal structure of CDF has been solved and refined to 2.0 Å resolution. The CDF monomers form a dimer through an intermolecular β-sheet. This interaction is somewhat similar to that seen in other dimeric CC chemokine crystal structures. However, the displacement of the first disulfide in CDF causes the dimer to assume a more compact quaternary structure relative to CC chemokines, which is unique to CX3C chemokines. Although fractalkine can bind to heparin in vitro, as shown by comparison of electrostatic surface plots with other chemokines and by heparin chromatography, the role of this property in vivois not well understood.