From Butyribacterium to E. coli : An Essay on Unity in Biochemistry

New ideas in science frequently arise from neglected or distorted antecedents. This essay deals with the idea of biochemical unity, encapsulated in Jacques Monod's well-known phrase, dating from 1954: "Anything found to be true of E. coli must also be true of elephants." An earlier ve...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Perspectives in biology and medicine 2004, Vol.47 (1), p.47-66
Main Author: Friedmann, Herbert Claus
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Biochemistry
Biochemistry - history
Donker, Hendrick Jean Louis
Essays
History
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
Humans
Kluyver
Kluyver, Albert Jan
Microbiology - history
Monod, Jacques-Lucien (1910-76)
Netherlands
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Summary:New ideas in science frequently arise from neglected or distorted antecedents. This essay deals with the idea of biochemical unity, encapsulated in Jacques Monod's well-known phrase, dating from 1954: "Anything found to be true of E. coli must also be true of elephants." An earlier version of this phrase,--"From the elephant to butyric acid bacterium--it is all the same!"--was coined in 1926 by the Dutch microbiologist Albert Jan Kluyver. In that year Kluyver and his associate Hendrick Jean Louis Donker published a celebrated paper, "Unity in Biochemistry." The concept of biochemical unity had many antecedents, but these had never caught on. The Kluyver-Donker paper has often been regarded to provide a boost to biochemical and especially to microbiological thinking. Its interpretations and misinterpretations represent an encapsulated history of biochemistry. The present paper examines the history of the concept of biochemical unity from before to beyond Kluyver, investigates the two "elephant" phrases and their possible relationships, and ends with a discussion of the attractiveness of unifying ideas in science.
ISSN:0031-5982
1529-8795
1529-8795
DOI:10.1353/pbm.2004.0007