Hot bubbles from active galactic nuclei as a heat source in cooling-flow clusters

Hot, X-ray-emitting plasma permeates clusters of galaxies. The X-ray surface brightness often shows a peak near the centre of the cluster that is coincident with a drop in the entropy of the gas. This has been taken as evidence for a 'cooling flow', where the gas cools by radiating away it...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Nature (London) 2002-07, Vol.418 (6895), p.301-303
Main Authors: Brüggen, Marcus, Kaiser, Christian R
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Astronomy
Astrophysics
Bubbles
Characteristics and properties of external galaxies and extragalactic objects
Cooling
Earth, ocean, space
Entropy
Exact sciences and technology
Gases
Intergalactic matter
quasar absorption and emission-line systems
lyman forest
Plasma
Stars & galaxies
Stellar systems. Galactic and extragalactic objects and systems. The universe
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c670t-74612d92dbb9ade439b58a532e09135236791374cb4c4d552c5195b8c7d86db23
cites cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c670t-74612d92dbb9ade439b58a532e09135236791374cb4c4d552c5195b8c7d86db23
container_end_page 303
container_issue 6895
container_start_page 301
container_title Nature (London)
container_volume 418
creator Brüggen, Marcus
Kaiser, Christian R
description Hot, X-ray-emitting plasma permeates clusters of galaxies. The X-ray surface brightness often shows a peak near the centre of the cluster that is coincident with a drop in the entropy of the gas. This has been taken as evidence for a 'cooling flow', where the gas cools by radiating away its energy, and then falls to the centre. Searches for this cool gas have revealed significantly less than predicted, indicating that the mass deposition rate is much lower than expected. Most clusters with cooling flows, however, also host an active galactic nucleus at their centres. These active galactic nuclei can inflate large bubbles of hot plasma that subsequently rise through the cluster 'atmosphere', thus stirring the cooling gas and adding energy. Here we report highly resolved hydrodynamic simulations which show that buoyant bubbles increase the cooling time in the inner regions of clusters and significantly reduce the deposition of cold gas.
doi_str_mv 10.1038/nature00857
format article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_71922501</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A187545927</galeid><sourcerecordid>A187545927</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c670t-74612d92dbb9ade439b58a532e09135236791374cb4c4d552c5195b8c7d86db23</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqF0u-LFCEYB_Ahim67etX7sIOCiLnU0dF5uSzVHRxFddFLcZxnNg9H93SmH_99Lru0u7Fx-EKRj1_x8SmKpwSfE1zJN16PUwSMJRf3ihlhoi5ZLcX9YoYxlSWWVX1SPErpBmPMiWAPixNCCWU1EbPi00UYUTu1rYOE-hgGpM1ofwBaardeGeQn48AinZBG30GPKIUpGkDWIxOCs35Z9i78RMZNaYSYHhcPeu0SPNnOp8XXd2-vFxfl1cf3l4v5VWlqgcdS5Ptp19CubRvdAaualkvNKwq4IRWnVS3yLJhpmWEd59Rw0vBWGtHJumtpdVq83OSuYridII1qsMmAc9pDmJISpKGUY3InpIJIwtjdiUQyRiiXGZ79A29yTXx-raKYcYwZWaNyg3IlQVnfhzFqswQPUbvgobd5e06k4Iw3VOxCD7xZ2Vu1j86PoDw6GKw5mvrq4EA2I_wal3pKSV1--XxoX__fzq-_LT4c1SaGlCL0ahXtoONvRbBaN6baa8ysn21LNrUDdDu77cQMXmyBTka7PmpvbNq5SkhC5PqTnm_cJv0v2L_sDyYJ8aQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>204500418</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Hot bubbles from active galactic nuclei as a heat source in cooling-flow clusters</title><source>Nature</source><creator>Brüggen, Marcus ; Kaiser, Christian R</creator><creatorcontrib>Brüggen, Marcus ; Kaiser, Christian R</creatorcontrib><description>Hot, X-ray-emitting plasma permeates clusters of galaxies. The X-ray surface brightness often shows a peak near the centre of the cluster that is coincident with a drop in the entropy of the gas. This has been taken as evidence for a 'cooling flow', where the gas cools by radiating away its energy, and then falls to the centre. Searches for this cool gas have revealed significantly less than predicted, indicating that the mass deposition rate is much lower than expected. Most clusters with cooling flows, however, also host an active galactic nucleus at their centres. These active galactic nuclei can inflate large bubbles of hot plasma that subsequently rise through the cluster 'atmosphere', thus stirring the cooling gas and adding energy. Here we report highly resolved hydrodynamic simulations which show that buoyant bubbles increase the cooling time in the inner regions of clusters and significantly reduce the deposition of cold gas.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0028-0836</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-4687</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/nature00857</identifier><identifier>PMID: 12124617</identifier><identifier>CODEN: NATUAS</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing</publisher><subject>Astronomy ; Astrophysics ; Bubbles ; Characteristics and properties of external galaxies and extragalactic objects ; Cooling ; Earth, ocean, space ; Entropy ; Exact sciences and technology ; Gases ; Intergalactic matter ; quasar absorption and emission-line systems ; lyman forest ; Plasma ; Stars &amp; galaxies ; Stellar systems. Galactic and extragalactic objects and systems. The universe</subject><ispartof>Nature (London), 2002-07, Vol.418 (6895), p.301-303</ispartof><rights>2002 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2002 Nature Publishing Group</rights><rights>Copyright Macmillan Journals Ltd. Jul 18, 2002</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c670t-74612d92dbb9ade439b58a532e09135236791374cb4c4d552c5195b8c7d86db23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c670t-74612d92dbb9ade439b58a532e09135236791374cb4c4d552c5195b8c7d86db23</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&amp;idt=13781182$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12124617$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Brüggen, Marcus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaiser, Christian R</creatorcontrib><title>Hot bubbles from active galactic nuclei as a heat source in cooling-flow clusters</title><title>Nature (London)</title><addtitle>Nature</addtitle><description>Hot, X-ray-emitting plasma permeates clusters of galaxies. The X-ray surface brightness often shows a peak near the centre of the cluster that is coincident with a drop in the entropy of the gas. This has been taken as evidence for a 'cooling flow', where the gas cools by radiating away its energy, and then falls to the centre. Searches for this cool gas have revealed significantly less than predicted, indicating that the mass deposition rate is much lower than expected. Most clusters with cooling flows, however, also host an active galactic nucleus at their centres. These active galactic nuclei can inflate large bubbles of hot plasma that subsequently rise through the cluster 'atmosphere', thus stirring the cooling gas and adding energy. Here we report highly resolved hydrodynamic simulations which show that buoyant bubbles increase the cooling time in the inner regions of clusters and significantly reduce the deposition of cold gas.</description><subject>Astronomy</subject><subject>Astrophysics</subject><subject>Bubbles</subject><subject>Characteristics and properties of external galaxies and extragalactic objects</subject><subject>Cooling</subject><subject>Earth, ocean, space</subject><subject>Entropy</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Gases</subject><subject>Intergalactic matter ; quasar absorption and emission-line systems ; lyman forest</subject><subject>Plasma</subject><subject>Stars &amp; galaxies</subject><subject>Stellar systems. Galactic and extragalactic objects and systems. The universe</subject><issn>0028-0836</issn><issn>1476-4687</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2002</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqF0u-LFCEYB_Ahim67etX7sIOCiLnU0dF5uSzVHRxFddFLcZxnNg9H93SmH_99Lru0u7Fx-EKRj1_x8SmKpwSfE1zJN16PUwSMJRf3ihlhoi5ZLcX9YoYxlSWWVX1SPErpBmPMiWAPixNCCWU1EbPi00UYUTu1rYOE-hgGpM1ofwBaardeGeQn48AinZBG30GPKIUpGkDWIxOCs35Z9i78RMZNaYSYHhcPeu0SPNnOp8XXd2-vFxfl1cf3l4v5VWlqgcdS5Ptp19CubRvdAaualkvNKwq4IRWnVS3yLJhpmWEd59Rw0vBWGtHJumtpdVq83OSuYridII1qsMmAc9pDmJISpKGUY3InpIJIwtjdiUQyRiiXGZ79A29yTXx-raKYcYwZWaNyg3IlQVnfhzFqswQPUbvgobd5e06k4Iw3VOxCD7xZ2Vu1j86PoDw6GKw5mvrq4EA2I_wal3pKSV1--XxoX__fzq-_LT4c1SaGlCL0ahXtoONvRbBaN6baa8ysn21LNrUDdDu77cQMXmyBTka7PmpvbNq5SkhC5PqTnm_cJv0v2L_sDyYJ8aQ</recordid><startdate>20020718</startdate><enddate>20020718</enddate><creator>Brüggen, Marcus</creator><creator>Kaiser, Christian R</creator><general>Nature Publishing</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ATWCN</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7TO</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>R05</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20020718</creationdate><title>Hot bubbles from active galactic nuclei as a heat source in cooling-flow clusters</title><author>Brüggen, Marcus ; Kaiser, Christian R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c670t-74612d92dbb9ade439b58a532e09135236791374cb4c4d552c5195b8c7d86db23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2002</creationdate><topic>Astronomy</topic><topic>Astrophysics</topic><topic>Bubbles</topic><topic>Characteristics and properties of external galaxies and extragalactic objects</topic><topic>Cooling</topic><topic>Earth, ocean, space</topic><topic>Entropy</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Gases</topic><topic>Intergalactic matter ; quasar absorption and emission-line systems ; lyman forest</topic><topic>Plasma</topic><topic>Stars &amp; galaxies</topic><topic>Stellar systems. Galactic and extragalactic objects and systems. The universe</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Brüggen, Marcus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaiser, Christian R</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Middle School</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Calcium &amp; Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological &amp; Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health and Medical</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Materials Science &amp; Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies &amp; Aerospace Database‎ (1962 - current)</collection><collection>Agricultural &amp; Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>eLibrary</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric &amp; Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological &amp; Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agriculture Science Database</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>ProQuest Psychology Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest Research Library</collection><collection>ProQuest Science Journals</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Journals</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest advanced technologies &amp; aerospace journals</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies &amp; Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric &amp; Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>Materials science collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>Engineering collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>University of Michigan</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Nature (London)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Brüggen, Marcus</au><au>Kaiser, Christian R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Hot bubbles from active galactic nuclei as a heat source in cooling-flow clusters</atitle><jtitle>Nature (London)</jtitle><addtitle>Nature</addtitle><date>2002-07-18</date><risdate>2002</risdate><volume>418</volume><issue>6895</issue><spage>301</spage><epage>303</epage><pages>301-303</pages><issn>0028-0836</issn><eissn>1476-4687</eissn><coden>NATUAS</coden><abstract>Hot, X-ray-emitting plasma permeates clusters of galaxies. The X-ray surface brightness often shows a peak near the centre of the cluster that is coincident with a drop in the entropy of the gas. This has been taken as evidence for a 'cooling flow', where the gas cools by radiating away its energy, and then falls to the centre. Searches for this cool gas have revealed significantly less than predicted, indicating that the mass deposition rate is much lower than expected. Most clusters with cooling flows, however, also host an active galactic nucleus at their centres. These active galactic nuclei can inflate large bubbles of hot plasma that subsequently rise through the cluster 'atmosphere', thus stirring the cooling gas and adding energy. Here we report highly resolved hydrodynamic simulations which show that buoyant bubbles increase the cooling time in the inner regions of clusters and significantly reduce the deposition of cold gas.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing</pub><pmid>12124617</pmid><doi>10.1038/nature00857</doi><tpages>3</tpages></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0028-0836
ispartof Nature (London), 2002-07, Vol.418 (6895), p.301-303
issn 0028-0836
1476-4687
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_71922501
source Nature
subjects Astronomy
Astrophysics
Bubbles
Characteristics and properties of external galaxies and extragalactic objects
Cooling
Earth, ocean, space
Entropy
Exact sciences and technology
Gases
Intergalactic matter
quasar absorption and emission-line systems
lyman forest
Plasma
Stars & galaxies
Stellar systems. Galactic and extragalactic objects and systems. The universe
title Hot bubbles from active galactic nuclei as a heat source in cooling-flow clusters
url http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-25T13%3A17%3A27IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hot%20bubbles%20from%20active%20galactic%20nuclei%20as%20a%20heat%20source%20in%20cooling-flow%20clusters&rft.jtitle=Nature%20(London)&rft.au=Br%C3%BCggen,%20Marcus&rft.date=2002-07-18&rft.volume=418&rft.issue=6895&rft.spage=301&rft.epage=303&rft.pages=301-303&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.eissn=1476-4687&rft.coden=NATUAS&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/nature00857&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA187545927%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c670t-74612d92dbb9ade439b58a532e09135236791374cb4c4d552c5195b8c7d86db23%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=204500418&rft_id=info:pmid/12124617&rft_galeid=A187545927&rfr_iscdi=true