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Considerations for optimal iron use for anemia due to chronic kidney disease
Background: Availability of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has improved the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Iron deficiency is the most common cause of resistance to rHuEPO therapy, contributing to ineffective erythropoiesis and hematocrit/hemoglobin values below...
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Published in: | Clinical therapeutics 2001-10, Vol.23 (10), p.1637-1671 |
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description | Background:
Availability of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has improved the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Iron deficiency is the most common cause of resistance to rHuEPO therapy, contributing to ineffective erythropoiesis and hematocrit/hemoglobin values below the recommended target range (33%–36%/11–12 g/dL). IV iron supplementation is necessary to meet increased iron demands from stimulation of erythropoiesis and chronic blood loss; however, questions remain as to the optimal supplementation strategy to maintain appropriate yet safe iron status. Treatment guidelines for anemia management have been developed through the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-K/DOQI).
Objective:
This review presents the basis of need for the NKF-K/DOQI guidelines and includes detailed information concerning iron physiology, metabolism, iron preparations, and evaluation of iron status.
Methods:
This review was based on a MEDLINE search and complemented by references from the NKF-K/DOQI guidelines (whose review extended beyond MEDLINE). References focusing on normal iron physiology and metabolism, alterations in iron physiology in patients with CKD, laboratory evaluation methods, and strategies for iron supplementation were obtained from MEDLINE and reviewed for content.
Results:
Controversy over appropriate use of iron supplementation has led to disparity in accepted practice procedures. Oral iron (ferrous salts and polysaccharide iron complex) and IV iron preparations (iron dextran, sodium ferric gluconate, and iron sucrose) are available. Problems with oral iron supplementation include limited absorption and patient noncompliance. Although most available data on IV iron use in the United States are specific to iron dextran preparations, published information based on clinical use of sodium ferric gluconate and iron sucrose products has been promising. The use of chronic IV iron administration to sustain iron stores has been more widely accepted to prevent development of absolute and functional iron deficiency.
Conclusions:
Although iron therapy is commonly warranted in patients with CKD, questions remain as to the most favorable supplementation strategy to optimize therapy through improvements in hematocrits, efficient use of rHuEPO, and maintenance of appropriate and safe iron levels. Clinicians will need to devise strategies based on the compilation of information from clinical experience and the |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S0149-2918(01)80135-1 |
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Availability of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has improved the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Iron deficiency is the most common cause of resistance to rHuEPO therapy, contributing to ineffective erythropoiesis and hematocrit/hemoglobin values below the recommended target range (33%–36%/11–12 g/dL). IV iron supplementation is necessary to meet increased iron demands from stimulation of erythropoiesis and chronic blood loss; however, questions remain as to the optimal supplementation strategy to maintain appropriate yet safe iron status. Treatment guidelines for anemia management have been developed through the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-K/DOQI).
Objective:
This review presents the basis of need for the NKF-K/DOQI guidelines and includes detailed information concerning iron physiology, metabolism, iron preparations, and evaluation of iron status.
Methods:
This review was based on a MEDLINE search and complemented by references from the NKF-K/DOQI guidelines (whose review extended beyond MEDLINE). References focusing on normal iron physiology and metabolism, alterations in iron physiology in patients with CKD, laboratory evaluation methods, and strategies for iron supplementation were obtained from MEDLINE and reviewed for content.
Results:
Controversy over appropriate use of iron supplementation has led to disparity in accepted practice procedures. Oral iron (ferrous salts and polysaccharide iron complex) and IV iron preparations (iron dextran, sodium ferric gluconate, and iron sucrose) are available. Problems with oral iron supplementation include limited absorption and patient noncompliance. Although most available data on IV iron use in the United States are specific to iron dextran preparations, published information based on clinical use of sodium ferric gluconate and iron sucrose products has been promising. The use of chronic IV iron administration to sustain iron stores has been more widely accepted to prevent development of absolute and functional iron deficiency.
Conclusions:
Although iron therapy is commonly warranted in patients with CKD, questions remain as to the most favorable supplementation strategy to optimize therapy through improvements in hematocrits, efficient use of rHuEPO, and maintenance of appropriate and safe iron levels. Clinicians will need to devise strategies based on the compilation of information from clinical experience and the available literature. Clinical practice guidelines devised by the NKF-K/DOQI have provided a useful tool for the medical community using both these resources.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0149-2918</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-114X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0149-2918(01)80135-1</identifier><identifier>PMID: 11726002</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Belle Mead, NJ: EM Inc USA</publisher><subject>anemia ; Anemia - drug therapy ; Anemia - etiology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Blood. Blood coagulation. Reticuloendothelial system ; Bone Marrow - drug effects ; chronic kidney disease ; Dietary Supplements ; erythropoietin ; Erythropoietin - metabolism ; Ferritins - metabolism ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; intravenous iron ; Iron - therapeutic use ; Iron Compounds - therapeutic use ; Kidney Failure, Chronic - complications ; Medical sciences ; MEDLINE ; Models, Biological ; NKF-K/DOQI guidelines ; Pharmacology. Drug treatments ; Practice Guidelines as Topic - standards ; Renal Dialysis - adverse effects ; Transferrin - metabolism</subject><ispartof>Clinical therapeutics, 2001-10, Vol.23 (10), p.1637-1671</ispartof><rights>2001</rights><rights>2002 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c391t-93491b5019147f48f6907c6a47ff658069de54b46095e45813d04e75d6eb1ed63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c391t-93491b5019147f48f6907c6a47ff658069de54b46095e45813d04e75d6eb1ed63</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=14111925$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11726002$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hudson, Joanna Q.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Comstock, Thomas J.</creatorcontrib><title>Considerations for optimal iron use for anemia due to chronic kidney disease</title><title>Clinical therapeutics</title><addtitle>Clin Ther</addtitle><description>Background:
Availability of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has improved the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Iron deficiency is the most common cause of resistance to rHuEPO therapy, contributing to ineffective erythropoiesis and hematocrit/hemoglobin values below the recommended target range (33%–36%/11–12 g/dL). IV iron supplementation is necessary to meet increased iron demands from stimulation of erythropoiesis and chronic blood loss; however, questions remain as to the optimal supplementation strategy to maintain appropriate yet safe iron status. Treatment guidelines for anemia management have been developed through the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-K/DOQI).
Objective:
This review presents the basis of need for the NKF-K/DOQI guidelines and includes detailed information concerning iron physiology, metabolism, iron preparations, and evaluation of iron status.
Methods:
This review was based on a MEDLINE search and complemented by references from the NKF-K/DOQI guidelines (whose review extended beyond MEDLINE). References focusing on normal iron physiology and metabolism, alterations in iron physiology in patients with CKD, laboratory evaluation methods, and strategies for iron supplementation were obtained from MEDLINE and reviewed for content.
Results:
Controversy over appropriate use of iron supplementation has led to disparity in accepted practice procedures. Oral iron (ferrous salts and polysaccharide iron complex) and IV iron preparations (iron dextran, sodium ferric gluconate, and iron sucrose) are available. Problems with oral iron supplementation include limited absorption and patient noncompliance. Although most available data on IV iron use in the United States are specific to iron dextran preparations, published information based on clinical use of sodium ferric gluconate and iron sucrose products has been promising. The use of chronic IV iron administration to sustain iron stores has been more widely accepted to prevent development of absolute and functional iron deficiency.
Conclusions:
Although iron therapy is commonly warranted in patients with CKD, questions remain as to the most favorable supplementation strategy to optimize therapy through improvements in hematocrits, efficient use of rHuEPO, and maintenance of appropriate and safe iron levels. Clinicians will need to devise strategies based on the compilation of information from clinical experience and the available literature. Clinical practice guidelines devised by the NKF-K/DOQI have provided a useful tool for the medical community using both these resources.</description><subject>anemia</subject><subject>Anemia - drug therapy</subject><subject>Anemia - etiology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Blood. Blood coagulation. Reticuloendothelial system</subject><subject>Bone Marrow - drug effects</subject><subject>chronic kidney disease</subject><subject>Dietary Supplements</subject><subject>erythropoietin</subject><subject>Erythropoietin - metabolism</subject><subject>Ferritins - metabolism</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Injections, Intravenous</subject><subject>intravenous iron</subject><subject>Iron - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Iron Compounds - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Kidney Failure, Chronic - complications</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>MEDLINE</subject><subject>Models, Biological</subject><subject>NKF-K/DOQI guidelines</subject><subject>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</subject><subject>Practice Guidelines as Topic - standards</subject><subject>Renal Dialysis - adverse effects</subject><subject>Transferrin - metabolism</subject><issn>0149-2918</issn><issn>1879-114X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2001</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkEtv1DAQgC1ERZfCT6DyBQSHwExiO_GpQqu-pJU4tEjcLK89EYZsvNhJpf77eh9qj5zGY3_z8MfYB4SvCKi-3QEKXdUau8-AXzrARlb4ii2wa3WFKH69Zotn5JS9zfkPADRa1m_YKWJbK4B6wVbLOObgKdkplBPvY-JxO4WNHXhIceRzpv2lHWkTLPcz8Sly97u8Bcf_Bj_SI_chk830jp30dsj0_hjP2M-ry_vlTbX6cX27_L6qXKNxqnQjNK4loEbR9qLrlYbWKVuSXskOlPYkxVoo0JKE7LDxIKiVXtEayavmjH069N2m-G-mPJlNyI6GoSwZ52zauoFGKCygPIAuxZwT9WabytfSo0EwO41mr9HsHBlAs9dodnXnxwHzekP-perorQAfj4DNzg59sqML-YUTiKhrWbiLA0dFx0OgZLILNDryIZGbjI_hP6s8AZtLjYs</recordid><startdate>20011001</startdate><enddate>20011001</enddate><creator>Hudson, Joanna Q.</creator><creator>Comstock, Thomas J.</creator><general>EM Inc USA</general><general>Excerpta Medica</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20011001</creationdate><title>Considerations for optimal iron use for anemia due to chronic kidney disease</title><author>Hudson, Joanna Q. ; Comstock, Thomas J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c391t-93491b5019147f48f6907c6a47ff658069de54b46095e45813d04e75d6eb1ed63</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2001</creationdate><topic>anemia</topic><topic>Anemia - drug therapy</topic><topic>Anemia - etiology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Blood. Blood coagulation. Reticuloendothelial system</topic><topic>Bone Marrow - drug effects</topic><topic>chronic kidney disease</topic><topic>Dietary Supplements</topic><topic>erythropoietin</topic><topic>Erythropoietin - metabolism</topic><topic>Ferritins - metabolism</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Injections, Intravenous</topic><topic>intravenous iron</topic><topic>Iron - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Iron Compounds - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Kidney Failure, Chronic - complications</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>MEDLINE</topic><topic>Models, Biological</topic><topic>NKF-K/DOQI guidelines</topic><topic>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</topic><topic>Practice Guidelines as Topic - standards</topic><topic>Renal Dialysis - adverse effects</topic><topic>Transferrin - metabolism</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hudson, Joanna Q.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Comstock, Thomas J.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Clinical therapeutics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hudson, Joanna Q.</au><au>Comstock, Thomas J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Considerations for optimal iron use for anemia due to chronic kidney disease</atitle><jtitle>Clinical therapeutics</jtitle><addtitle>Clin Ther</addtitle><date>2001-10-01</date><risdate>2001</risdate><volume>23</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>1637</spage><epage>1671</epage><pages>1637-1671</pages><issn>0149-2918</issn><eissn>1879-114X</eissn><abstract>Background:
Availability of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has improved the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Iron deficiency is the most common cause of resistance to rHuEPO therapy, contributing to ineffective erythropoiesis and hematocrit/hemoglobin values below the recommended target range (33%–36%/11–12 g/dL). IV iron supplementation is necessary to meet increased iron demands from stimulation of erythropoiesis and chronic blood loss; however, questions remain as to the optimal supplementation strategy to maintain appropriate yet safe iron status. Treatment guidelines for anemia management have been developed through the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-K/DOQI).
Objective:
This review presents the basis of need for the NKF-K/DOQI guidelines and includes detailed information concerning iron physiology, metabolism, iron preparations, and evaluation of iron status.
Methods:
This review was based on a MEDLINE search and complemented by references from the NKF-K/DOQI guidelines (whose review extended beyond MEDLINE). References focusing on normal iron physiology and metabolism, alterations in iron physiology in patients with CKD, laboratory evaluation methods, and strategies for iron supplementation were obtained from MEDLINE and reviewed for content.
Results:
Controversy over appropriate use of iron supplementation has led to disparity in accepted practice procedures. Oral iron (ferrous salts and polysaccharide iron complex) and IV iron preparations (iron dextran, sodium ferric gluconate, and iron sucrose) are available. Problems with oral iron supplementation include limited absorption and patient noncompliance. Although most available data on IV iron use in the United States are specific to iron dextran preparations, published information based on clinical use of sodium ferric gluconate and iron sucrose products has been promising. The use of chronic IV iron administration to sustain iron stores has been more widely accepted to prevent development of absolute and functional iron deficiency.
Conclusions:
Although iron therapy is commonly warranted in patients with CKD, questions remain as to the most favorable supplementation strategy to optimize therapy through improvements in hematocrits, efficient use of rHuEPO, and maintenance of appropriate and safe iron levels. Clinicians will need to devise strategies based on the compilation of information from clinical experience and the available literature. Clinical practice guidelines devised by the NKF-K/DOQI have provided a useful tool for the medical community using both these resources.</abstract><cop>Belle Mead, NJ</cop><pub>EM Inc USA</pub><pmid>11726002</pmid><doi>10.1016/S0149-2918(01)80135-1</doi><tpages>35</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | anemia Anemia - drug therapy Anemia - etiology Biological and medical sciences Blood. Blood coagulation. Reticuloendothelial system Bone Marrow - drug effects chronic kidney disease Dietary Supplements erythropoietin Erythropoietin - metabolism Ferritins - metabolism Humans Injections, Intravenous intravenous iron Iron - therapeutic use Iron Compounds - therapeutic use Kidney Failure, Chronic - complications Medical sciences MEDLINE Models, Biological NKF-K/DOQI guidelines Pharmacology. Drug treatments Practice Guidelines as Topic - standards Renal Dialysis - adverse effects Transferrin - metabolism |
title | Considerations for optimal iron use for anemia due to chronic kidney disease |
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