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MAPK (ERK2) kinase—a key target for NSAIDs-induced inhibition of gastric cancer cell proliferation and growth

Limited clinical and experimental studies indicate that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may inhibit gastric cancer growth. However, the mechanisms involved are not completely understood and cannot be explained by COX-2 inhibition alone. MAPK signaling pathway is essential for cell prol...

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Published in:Life sciences (1973) 2001-11, Vol.69 (25), p.3045-3054
Main Authors: Husain, S.S., Szabo, I.L., Pai, R., Soreghan, B., Jones, M.K., Tarnawski, A.S.
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container_end_page 3054
container_issue 25
container_start_page 3045
container_title Life sciences (1973)
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creator Husain, S.S.
Szabo, I.L.
Pai, R.
Soreghan, B.
Jones, M.K.
Tarnawski, A.S.
description Limited clinical and experimental studies indicate that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may inhibit gastric cancer growth. However, the mechanisms involved are not completely understood and cannot be explained by COX-2 inhibition alone. MAPK signaling pathway is essential for cell proliferation, but the effect of NSAIDs on MAPK activity and phosphorylation in gastric cancer has never been studied. Since increased and unregulated cell proliferation and reduced cell apoptosis are important features of cancer growth, we studied whether NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor and/or indomethacin (IND), a non-selective NSAID: 1) inhibit gastric cancer cell proliferation, 2) whether this inhibition is mediated via MAPK (ERK2), and 3) whether NSAIDs enhance apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Human gastric epithelial cells (MKN28) derived from gastric tubular adenocarcinoma were cultured and treated with either vehicle, IND (0.25–0.5mM) or NS-398 (50–100μM) for 6, 16, 24 and 48h. Studies: 1) Cellular proliferation was determined by 3H-thymidine uptake. 2) MAPK activity was measured by incorporation of radiolabeled phosphate into myelin basic protein. 3) Apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL assay. IND and NS-398 significantly inhibited the proliferation of MKN28 cells at 24h by 3.5 – 5 fold (p72% inhibition; all p
doi_str_mv 10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01411-4
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However, the mechanisms involved are not completely understood and cannot be explained by COX-2 inhibition alone. MAPK signaling pathway is essential for cell proliferation, but the effect of NSAIDs on MAPK activity and phosphorylation in gastric cancer has never been studied. Since increased and unregulated cell proliferation and reduced cell apoptosis are important features of cancer growth, we studied whether NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor and/or indomethacin (IND), a non-selective NSAID: 1) inhibit gastric cancer cell proliferation, 2) whether this inhibition is mediated via MAPK (ERK2), and 3) whether NSAIDs enhance apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Human gastric epithelial cells (MKN28) derived from gastric tubular adenocarcinoma were cultured and treated with either vehicle, IND (0.25–0.5mM) or NS-398 (50–100μM) for 6, 16, 24 and 48h. Studies: 1) Cellular proliferation was determined by 3H-thymidine uptake. 2) MAPK activity was measured by incorporation of radiolabeled phosphate into myelin basic protein. 3) Apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL assay. IND and NS-398 significantly inhibited the proliferation of MKN28 cells at 24h by 3.5 – 5 fold (p&lt;0.002) and at 48h by 2.5 – 10 fold (p&lt;0.02). Both NSAIDs also significantly inhibited ERK2 activity: IND &gt;53% inhibition, NS-398, 100μM &gt;72% inhibition; all p&lt;0.05. Both IND and NS-398 significantly increased apoptotic index. In conclusion, IND and NS-398 significantly inhibit proliferation and growth of human gastric cancer cell line MKN28. This effect is mediated by NSAID-induced inhibition of MAPK (ERK2) kinase signaling pathway, essential for cell proliferation. NSAIDs also increase apoptosis in MKN28 cells. 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However, the mechanisms involved are not completely understood and cannot be explained by COX-2 inhibition alone. MAPK signaling pathway is essential for cell proliferation, but the effect of NSAIDs on MAPK activity and phosphorylation in gastric cancer has never been studied. Since increased and unregulated cell proliferation and reduced cell apoptosis are important features of cancer growth, we studied whether NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor and/or indomethacin (IND), a non-selective NSAID: 1) inhibit gastric cancer cell proliferation, 2) whether this inhibition is mediated via MAPK (ERK2), and 3) whether NSAIDs enhance apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Human gastric epithelial cells (MKN28) derived from gastric tubular adenocarcinoma were cultured and treated with either vehicle, IND (0.25–0.5mM) or NS-398 (50–100μM) for 6, 16, 24 and 48h. Studies: 1) Cellular proliferation was determined by 3H-thymidine uptake. 2) MAPK activity was measured by incorporation of radiolabeled phosphate into myelin basic protein. 3) Apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL assay. IND and NS-398 significantly inhibited the proliferation of MKN28 cells at 24h by 3.5 – 5 fold (p&lt;0.002) and at 48h by 2.5 – 10 fold (p&lt;0.02). Both NSAIDs also significantly inhibited ERK2 activity: IND &gt;53% inhibition, NS-398, 100μM &gt;72% inhibition; all p&lt;0.05. Both IND and NS-398 significantly increased apoptotic index. In conclusion, IND and NS-398 significantly inhibit proliferation and growth of human gastric cancer cell line MKN28. This effect is mediated by NSAID-induced inhibition of MAPK (ERK2) kinase signaling pathway, essential for cell proliferation. NSAIDs also increase apoptosis in MKN28 cells. 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subjects Adenocarcinoma - enzymology
Adenocarcinoma - pathology
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - pharmacology
Apoptosis
Apoptosis - drug effects
Cell Division - drug effects
Cell proliferation
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors - pharmacology
DNA - biosynthesis
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
ERK2
Gastric cancer
Humans
In Situ Nick-End Labeling
Indomethacin - pharmacology
MAPK
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 - antagonists & inhibitors
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 - metabolism
Nitrobenzenes - pharmacology
ras Proteins - biosynthesis
Stomach Neoplasms - enzymology
Stomach Neoplasms - pathology
Sulfonamides - pharmacology
Thymidine - metabolism
Tumor Cells, Cultured - drug effects
title MAPK (ERK2) kinase—a key target for NSAIDs-induced inhibition of gastric cancer cell proliferation and growth
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