Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use

Behavioral scientists have long sought measures of important psychological constructs that avoid response biases and other problems associated with direct reports. Recently, a large number of such indirect, or "implicit," measures have emerged. We review research that has utilized these me...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Annual review of psychology 2003-01, Vol.54 (1), p.297-327
Main Authors: FAZIO, Russell H, OLSON, Michael A
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
African Continental Ancestry Group - psychology
Attitude
Attitudes
Awareness
Behavior. Attitude
Behavioral sciences
Biological and medical sciences
Cognition
European Continental Ancestry Group - psychology
Evaluation
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Humans
Measurement
Memory
Personality Tests
Priming (Psychology)
Psychodiagnostics
Psychological tests
Psychology
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychology. Psychophysiology
Psychometrics. Sociometry
Race Relations
Self Concept
Social Behavior
Social Identification
Social Perception
Social psychology
Stereotyping
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Summary:Behavioral scientists have long sought measures of important psychological constructs that avoid response biases and other problems associated with direct reports. Recently, a large number of such indirect, or "implicit," measures have emerged. We review research that has utilized these measures across several domains, including attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes, and discuss their predictive validity, their interrelations, and the mechanisms presumably underlying their operation. Special attention is devoted to various priming measures and the Implicit Association Test, largely due to their prevalence in the literature. We also attempt to clarify several unresolved theoretical and empirical issues concerning implicit measures, including the nature of the underlying constructs they purport to measure, the conditions under which they are most likely to relate to explicit measures, the kinds of behavior each measure is likely to predict, their sensitivity to context, and the construct's potential for change.
ISSN:0066-4308
1545-2085
DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225