External Incentives, Information Technology, and Organized Processes to Improve Health Care Quality for Patients With Chronic Diseases

• Published in: JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 2003-01, Vol.289 (4), p.434-441
• Main Authors: Casalino, Lawrence, Gillies, Robin R, Shortell, Stephen M, Schmittdiel, Julie A, Bodenheimer, Thomas, Robinson, James C, Rundall, Thomas, Oswald, Nancy, Schauffler, Helen, Wang, Margaret C
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Asthma - therapy; Biological and medical sciences; Chronic Disease - therapy; Chronic illnesses; Depression - therapy; Diabetes Mellitus - therapy; Diffusion of Innovation; Disease Management; Health care; Health Care Surveys; Health Policy; Heart Failure - therapy; Humans; Information Systems - statistics & numerical data; Information technology; Medical sciences; Models, Organizational; Physician Incentive Plans - statistics & numerical data; Prevention and actions; Provider-Sponsored Organizations - organization & administration; Provider-Sponsored Organizations - statistics & numerical data; Public health. Hygiene; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine; Quality Assurance, Health Care; Quality of service; Specific populations (family, woman, child, elderly...); United States
• ISSN: 0098-7484; 1538-3598
• DOI: 10.1001/jama.289.4.434

CONTEXT: Organized care management processes (CMPs) can improve health care quality for patients with chronic diseases. The Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences has called for public and private purchasers of health care to create incentives for physician organizations (POs) to use CMPs and for the government to assist POs in implementing information technology (IT) to facilitate CMP use. Research is lacking about the extent to which POs use CMPs or about the degree to which incentives, IT, or other factors are associated with their use. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which POs with 20 or more physicians use CMPs and to identify key factors associated with CMP use for 4 chronic diseases (asthma, congestive heart failure, depression, and diabetes). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: One thousand five hundred eighty-seven US POs (medical groups and independent practice associations) with 20 or more physicians were identified using 5 large databases. One thousand one hundred four of these POs (70%) agreed to participate in a telephone survey conducted between September 2000 and September 2001. Sixty-four responding POs were excluded because they did not treat any of the 4 diseases, leaving 1040 POs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Extent of use of CMPs as calculated on the basis of a summary measure, a PO care management index (POCMI; range, 0-6) and factors associated with CMP use. RESULTS: Physician organizations' mean use of CMPs was 5.1 of a possible 16; 50% used 4 or fewer. External incentives and clinical IT were most strongly associated with CMP use. Controlling for other factors, use of the 2 most strongly associated incentives—public recognition and better contracts for health care quality—was associated with use of 1.3 and 0.7 additional CMPs, respectively (P