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How we are shaped: The biomechanics of gastrulation

Although it is rarely considered so in modern developmental biology, morphogenesis is fundamentally a biomechanical process, and this is especially true of one of the first major morphogenic transformations in development, gastrulation. Cells bring about changes in embryonic form by generating patte...

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Published in:	Differentiation (London) 2003-04, Vol.71 (3), p.171-205
Main Authors:	Keller, Ray, Davidson, Lance A., Shook, David R.
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Subjects:	Animals Biological and medical sciences Biomechanical Phenomena Biomechanics Cell differentiation, maturation, development, hematopoiesis Cell physiology Cell Polarity - physiology chick Chick Embryo development Embryo, Nonmammalian Endoderm - physiology evolution Fishes Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gastrula - physiology gastrulation Mesoderm - physiology Molecular and cellular biology Morphogenesis Movement - physiology vertebrate Xenopus laevis Zebrafish
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description	Although it is rarely considered so in modern developmental biology, morphogenesis is fundamentally a biomechanical process, and this is especially true of one of the first major morphogenic transformations in development, gastrulation. Cells bring about changes in embryonic form by generating patterned forces and by differentiating the tissue mechanical properties that harness these forces in specific ways. Therefore, biomechanics lies at the core of connecting the genetic and molecular basis of cell activities to the macroscopic tissue deformations that shape the embryo. Here we discuss what is known of the biomechanics of gastrulation, primarily in amphibians but also comparing similar morphogenic processes in teleost fish and amniotes, and selected events in several species invertebrates. Our goal is to review what is known and identify problems for further research.
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subjects	Animals Biological and medical sciences Biomechanical Phenomena Biomechanics Cell differentiation, maturation, development, hematopoiesis Cell physiology Cell Polarity - physiology chick Chick Embryo development Embryo, Nonmammalian Endoderm - physiology evolution Fishes Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gastrula - physiology gastrulation Mesoderm - physiology Molecular and cellular biology Morphogenesis Movement - physiology vertebrate Xenopus laevis Zebrafish
title	How we are shaped: The biomechanics of gastrulation
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