Head and Neck Carcinomas Across the Age Spectrum: Epidemiology, Therapy, and Late Effects

• Published in: Seminars in radiation oncology 2010, Vol.20 (1), p.52-57
• Main Authors: Marcus, Karen J., MD, Tishler, Roy B., MD, PhD
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Age Distribution; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - epidemiology; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - pathology; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - therapy; Child; Combined Modality Therapy - methods; Head and Neck Neoplasms - epidemiology; Head and Neck Neoplasms - pathology; Head and Neck Neoplasms - therapy; Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine; Humans; Lymphoma - epidemiology; Lymphoma - pathology; Lymphoma - therapy; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms - epidemiology; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms - pathology; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms - therapy; Neoplasm Staging; Neuroblastoma - epidemiology; Neuroblastoma - pathology; Neuroblastoma - therapy; Radiology; Radiotherapy - adverse effects; Rhabdomyosarcoma - epidemiology; Rhabdomyosarcoma - pathology; Rhabdomyosarcoma - therapy
• ISSN: 1053-4296; 1532-9461
• DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2009.09.004

Carcinomas of the head and neck occur in both children and adults, but notable differences exist in their relative frequency, pathologic subtypes, etiologies, presenting symptoms, and late effects. In contrast, treatment strategies are similar depending on the disease type and distribution at the time of diagnosis. Thus, in adult patients, squamous cell carcinomas or one of its variants are the most common malignancies in the head and neck. However, in children, cancers of the head/neck are most commonly rhabdomyosarcomas, lymphomas, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphomas, and Burkitt's lymphoma or neuroblastoma. Epithelial cancers are unusual in the pediatric population, with the exception of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Although nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a rare disease in children, representing less than 1% of childhood cancers, it does constitute 20%-50% of pediatric malignancies of the nasopharynx. This is one of the few malignant tumors in children that arise from the epithelium. Despite the differences between the diseases in children from that in adults, the management strategy has been based largely on the experience in adults. This review will describe the epidemiology, etiology, management, and late effects in children and adults, and offer explanations for both the similarities and differences.