Defects in Insulin Secretion and Action in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by defects in insulin action and insulin secretion. Although insulin resistance manifests early during the prediabetic state, a failing β-cell function unable to overcome insulin resistance at target tissues determines the onset of T2DM. This review f...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Current diabetes reports 2010-06, Vol.10 (3), p.184-191
Main Authors: Tripathy, Devjit, Chavez, Alberto O.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - genetics
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - physiopathology
Glucose - metabolism
Humans
Insulin - metabolism
Insulin Secretion
Insulin-Secreting Cells - metabolism
Insulin-Secreting Cells - pathology
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
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Summary:Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by defects in insulin action and insulin secretion. Although insulin resistance manifests early during the prediabetic state, a failing β-cell function unable to overcome insulin resistance at target tissues determines the onset of T2DM. This review focuses on recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired regulation of the enteroinsular axis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress are currently the subjects of intensive research. In addition, the adipose tissue has emerged as a major endocrine organ that secretes a growing list of adipocytokines with diverse central and peripheral metabolic effects. The role of a growing number of candidate genes and transcription factors regulating insulin action and secretion is also discussed.
ISSN:1534-4827
1539-0829
DOI:10.1007/s11892-010-0115-5