Clinical and metabolic features of urolithiasis and microlithiasis in children

• Published in: Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, West) West), 2009-11, Vol.24 (11), p.2203-2209
• Main Authors: Alpay, Harika, Ozen, Ahmet, Gokce, Ibrahim, Biyikli, Nese
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Calcium - urine; Calculi, Urinary; Care and treatment; Child; Child, Preschool; Citric Acid - urine; Complications and side effects; Creatinine; Cystinuria - complications; Cystinuria - urine; Diagnosis; Family medical history; Female; Hematuria; Humans; Hypercalciuria - complications; Hyperoxaluria - complications; Hypophosphatemia, Familial - complications; Infant; Male; Medicine & Public Health; Metabolic Diseases - complications; Metabolism; Nephrology; Original Article; Oxalates - urine; Patient outcomes; Pediatrics; Phosphates - urine; Remission (Medicine); Retrospective Studies; Statistical analysis; Ultrasonic imaging; Uric Acid - urine; Urinary Calculi - complications; Urinary Calculi - diagnosis; Urinary Calculi - etiology; Urinary tract diseases; Urinary tract infections; Urinary Tract Infections - complications; Urine; Urogenital system; Urolithiasis - complications; Urology
• ISSN: 0931-041X; 1432-198X
• DOI: 10.1007/s00467-009-1231-9

We evaluated the clinical, radiological and metabolic features of 162 children with urolithiasis or microlithiasis who had been referred to our pediatric nephrology clinics between 1998 and 2008 with suspected urolithiasis. The medical histories of these children (78 girls, 84 boys), who ranged in age from 2 months to 16 years (mean age 5.59 ± 0.35 years), were reviewed retrospectively for clinical and metabolic features of urinary tract calculi. Urinary tract infections (UTI) were present in 45.9% of the cases. The most common presenting symptoms were flank pain or restlessness (25.3%) and hematuria (21.6%), followed by UTI (16%), whereas 23.5% of the cases were detected incidentally during evaluation for other medical conditions. Other symptoms at presentation included dysuria, passing stones, penile edema, enuresis, vomiting and anorexia. Urine analysis revealed metabolic abnormalities in 87% of the cases, including hypercalciuria (33.8%), hypocitraturia (33.1%), hyperoxaluria (26.5%), hyperuricosuria  (25.4%), hypocitraturia + hypercalciuria (21.1%), hyperphosphaturia  (20.8%) and cystinuria (5.7%). Almost 50% of the patients had a positive family history for urolithiasis. The most frequently involved site was in the kidneys (86%). Ureters and bladder were involved in 12 and 2% of the cases, respectively. A family history of urolithiasis, presenting symptoms and underlying metabolic abnormalities were similar for microlithiasis and the patients with larger stones. However, in our study population, microlithiasis was mainly a disease of young infants, with a greater chance for remission and often not associated with structural changes. The presenting symptoms of urolithiasis show a wide spectrum, so that a high index of suspicion is important for early detection. A metabolic abnormality can be identified in 87% of cases of urolithiasis. Detection of microlithiasis may explain a number of symptoms, thus reducing invasive diagnostic procedures and allowing early recognition of metabolic abnormalities. These results draw attention to the importance of screening for UTIs in patients with urolithiasis.