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Meal frequency, breakfast consumption and childhood obesity
Objective. In a recent study meal frequency was inversely related to childhood obesity. To assess an inverse association between meal frequency and childhood obesity with particular focus on breakfast consumption. Methods. Anthropometric data on 4 642 children aged 5 to 6 years were obtained in 5 Ba...
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Published in: | International journal of pediatric obesity 2009-01, Vol.4 (4), p.242-248 |
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container_title | International journal of pediatric obesity |
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description | Objective. In a recent study meal frequency was inversely related to childhood obesity. To assess an inverse association between meal frequency and childhood obesity with particular focus on breakfast consumption. Methods. Anthropometric data on 4 642 children aged 5 to 6 years were obtained in 5 Bavarian public health offices (Germany) during the obligatory school entry health examination in 2004/2005. An extensive questionnaire on risk factors for childhood obesity was answered by their parents. Obesity was defined according to sex- and age-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off points, recommended by the International Obesity Task Force. Main exposures were meal frequency and breakfast consumption. Results. The prevalence of obesity decreased by number of daily meals: 3 or less, 5% (95%CI 4 to 6%), 4 meals, 3% (95%CI 2 to 4%) and 5 or more meals 2% (95%CI 2 to 4%) (trend test p < 0.05). After adjustment for sociodemographic and constitutional factors odds ratios (OR) for obesity were 0.71 (95%CI, 0.50 to 1.01) for 4 meals and 0.57 (95%CI 0.37 to 0.88) for 5 or more meals, compared with 3 or less daily meals. The OR was 0.72 (95%CI 0.58 to 0.90) per additional meal. Additional adjustment for regular breakfast only marginally changed the OR of meal frequency on obesity to 0.75 (95%CI 0.60 to 0.95) per additional meal. Conclusions. High meal frequency was inversely associated with childhood obesity. This association was not explained by potential confounders or regular breakfast consumption. These findings support the hypothesis of an independent protective impact of frequent daily meals other than breakfast on childhood obesity. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3109/17477160902763341 |
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In a recent study meal frequency was inversely related to childhood obesity. To assess an inverse association between meal frequency and childhood obesity with particular focus on breakfast consumption. Methods. Anthropometric data on 4 642 children aged 5 to 6 years were obtained in 5 Bavarian public health offices (Germany) during the obligatory school entry health examination in 2004/2005. An extensive questionnaire on risk factors for childhood obesity was answered by their parents. Obesity was defined according to sex- and age-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off points, recommended by the International Obesity Task Force. Main exposures were meal frequency and breakfast consumption. Results. The prevalence of obesity decreased by number of daily meals: 3 or less, 5% (95%CI 4 to 6%), 4 meals, 3% (95%CI 2 to 4%) and 5 or more meals 2% (95%CI 2 to 4%) (trend test p < 0.05). After adjustment for sociodemographic and constitutional factors odds ratios (OR) for obesity were 0.71 (95%CI, 0.50 to 1.01) for 4 meals and 0.57 (95%CI 0.37 to 0.88) for 5 or more meals, compared with 3 or less daily meals. The OR was 0.72 (95%CI 0.58 to 0.90) per additional meal. Additional adjustment for regular breakfast only marginally changed the OR of meal frequency on obesity to 0.75 (95%CI 0.60 to 0.95) per additional meal. Conclusions. High meal frequency was inversely associated with childhood obesity. This association was not explained by potential confounders or regular breakfast consumption. These findings support the hypothesis of an independent protective impact of frequent daily meals other than breakfast on childhood obesity.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1747-7166</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1747-7174</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3109/17477160902763341</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19922038</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Informa UK Ltd</publisher><subject>Body Mass Index ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diet ; Diet Surveys ; Eating ; energy metabolism ; Feeding Behavior ; feeding behaviour ; Female ; Germany - epidemiology ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Obesity - epidemiology ; Obesity - physiopathology ; Obesity - prevention & control ; Obesity - psychology ; Odds Ratio ; overweight ; Prevalence ; prevention and control ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><ispartof>International journal of pediatric obesity, 2009-01, Vol.4 (4), p.242-248</ispartof><rights>2009 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted 2009</rights><rights>2009 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted</rights><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4378-fbe312d431a20311063cb85119e01fb4ed9c113afee1ed7535a67b2032ffc91f3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19922038$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Toschke, André M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thorsteinsdottir, Kristin H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>von Kries, Rüdiger</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>For The GME Study Group</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GME Study Group</creatorcontrib><title>Meal frequency, breakfast consumption and childhood obesity</title><title>International journal of pediatric obesity</title><addtitle>Int J Pediatr Obes</addtitle><description>Objective. In a recent study meal frequency was inversely related to childhood obesity. To assess an inverse association between meal frequency and childhood obesity with particular focus on breakfast consumption. Methods. Anthropometric data on 4 642 children aged 5 to 6 years were obtained in 5 Bavarian public health offices (Germany) during the obligatory school entry health examination in 2004/2005. An extensive questionnaire on risk factors for childhood obesity was answered by their parents. Obesity was defined according to sex- and age-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off points, recommended by the International Obesity Task Force. Main exposures were meal frequency and breakfast consumption. Results. The prevalence of obesity decreased by number of daily meals: 3 or less, 5% (95%CI 4 to 6%), 4 meals, 3% (95%CI 2 to 4%) and 5 or more meals 2% (95%CI 2 to 4%) (trend test p < 0.05). After adjustment for sociodemographic and constitutional factors odds ratios (OR) for obesity were 0.71 (95%CI, 0.50 to 1.01) for 4 meals and 0.57 (95%CI 0.37 to 0.88) for 5 or more meals, compared with 3 or less daily meals. The OR was 0.72 (95%CI 0.58 to 0.90) per additional meal. Additional adjustment for regular breakfast only marginally changed the OR of meal frequency on obesity to 0.75 (95%CI 0.60 to 0.95) per additional meal. Conclusions. High meal frequency was inversely associated with childhood obesity. This association was not explained by potential confounders or regular breakfast consumption. These findings support the hypothesis of an independent protective impact of frequent daily meals other than breakfast on childhood obesity.</description><subject>Body Mass Index</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child Behavior</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Diet Surveys</subject><subject>Eating</subject><subject>energy metabolism</subject><subject>Feeding Behavior</subject><subject>feeding behaviour</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Germany - epidemiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Logistic Models</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Obesity - epidemiology</subject><subject>Obesity - physiopathology</subject><subject>Obesity - prevention & control</subject><subject>Obesity - psychology</subject><subject>Odds Ratio</subject><subject>overweight</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>prevention and control</subject><subject>Risk Assessment</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><issn>1747-7166</issn><issn>1747-7174</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkU9P3DAQxS3UigXKB-ilyq0X0npir52IU8WfZWEpPRSQuFiOM9ZmSeLFTgT77evVruCARC8ey_q9N543hHwF-oMBLX6C5FKCoAXNpGCMww7ZW7-lMp6fXu9CjMh-CAtKuch4vktGUBRZRlm-R46vUTeJ9fg0YGdWR0npUT9aHfrEuC4M7bKvXZforkrMvG6quXNV4koMdb_6Qj5b3QQ83NYDcnt-9vfkIp3dTKYnv2ap4UzmqS2RQVZxBjr2BKCCmTIfAxRIwZYcq8IAMG0RASs5ZmMtZBnRzFpTgGUH5PvGd-ld_GboVVsHg02jO3RDUDJOzgWwPJKwIY13IXi0aunrVvuVAqrWkal3kUXNt637ULZYvSm2GUVAbIDnusHV_x3V9PLPTQZrYboR1qHHl1eh9o9KSCbH6v73RF3OTim_u3hQV5E_3vKddb7V87iafm60R7Vwg-9ixh_M8Q-8hpbO</recordid><startdate>20090101</startdate><enddate>20090101</enddate><creator>Toschke, André M.</creator><creator>Thorsteinsdottir, Kristin H.</creator><creator>von Kries, Rüdiger</creator><creator>For The GME Study Group</creator><general>Informa UK Ltd</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090101</creationdate><title>Meal frequency, breakfast consumption and childhood obesity</title><author>Toschke, André M. ; Thorsteinsdottir, Kristin H. ; von Kries, Rüdiger ; For The GME Study Group</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4378-fbe312d431a20311063cb85119e01fb4ed9c113afee1ed7535a67b2032ffc91f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Body Mass Index</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child Behavior</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Diet Surveys</topic><topic>Eating</topic><topic>energy metabolism</topic><topic>Feeding Behavior</topic><topic>feeding behaviour</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Germany - epidemiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Logistic Models</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Obesity - epidemiology</topic><topic>Obesity - physiopathology</topic><topic>Obesity - prevention & control</topic><topic>Obesity - psychology</topic><topic>Odds Ratio</topic><topic>overweight</topic><topic>Prevalence</topic><topic>prevention and control</topic><topic>Risk Assessment</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Toschke, André M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thorsteinsdottir, Kristin H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>von Kries, Rüdiger</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>For The GME Study Group</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GME Study Group</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>International journal of pediatric obesity</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Toschke, André M.</au><au>Thorsteinsdottir, Kristin H.</au><au>von Kries, Rüdiger</au><au>For The GME Study Group</au><aucorp>GME Study Group</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Meal frequency, breakfast consumption and childhood obesity</atitle><jtitle>International journal of pediatric obesity</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Pediatr Obes</addtitle><date>2009-01-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>4</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>242</spage><epage>248</epage><pages>242-248</pages><issn>1747-7166</issn><eissn>1747-7174</eissn><abstract>Objective. In a recent study meal frequency was inversely related to childhood obesity. To assess an inverse association between meal frequency and childhood obesity with particular focus on breakfast consumption. Methods. Anthropometric data on 4 642 children aged 5 to 6 years were obtained in 5 Bavarian public health offices (Germany) during the obligatory school entry health examination in 2004/2005. An extensive questionnaire on risk factors for childhood obesity was answered by their parents. Obesity was defined according to sex- and age-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off points, recommended by the International Obesity Task Force. Main exposures were meal frequency and breakfast consumption. Results. The prevalence of obesity decreased by number of daily meals: 3 or less, 5% (95%CI 4 to 6%), 4 meals, 3% (95%CI 2 to 4%) and 5 or more meals 2% (95%CI 2 to 4%) (trend test p < 0.05). After adjustment for sociodemographic and constitutional factors odds ratios (OR) for obesity were 0.71 (95%CI, 0.50 to 1.01) for 4 meals and 0.57 (95%CI 0.37 to 0.88) for 5 or more meals, compared with 3 or less daily meals. The OR was 0.72 (95%CI 0.58 to 0.90) per additional meal. Additional adjustment for regular breakfast only marginally changed the OR of meal frequency on obesity to 0.75 (95%CI 0.60 to 0.95) per additional meal. Conclusions. High meal frequency was inversely associated with childhood obesity. This association was not explained by potential confounders or regular breakfast consumption. These findings support the hypothesis of an independent protective impact of frequent daily meals other than breakfast on childhood obesity.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Informa UK Ltd</pub><pmid>19922038</pmid><doi>10.3109/17477160902763341</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Body Mass Index Child Child Behavior Child, Preschool Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Diet Surveys Eating energy metabolism Feeding Behavior feeding behaviour Female Germany - epidemiology Humans Logistic Models Male Obesity - epidemiology Obesity - physiopathology Obesity - prevention & control Obesity - psychology Odds Ratio overweight Prevalence prevention and control Risk Assessment Risk Factors Surveys and Questionnaires |
title | Meal frequency, breakfast consumption and childhood obesity |
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