Can we distinguish flood frequency and magnitude in the sedimentological record of rivers?

• Published in: Geology (Boulder) 2010-07, Vol.38 (7), p.579-582
• Main Authors: Sambrook Smith, Gregory H, Best, James L, Ashworth, Philip J, Lane, Stuart N, Parker, Natalie O, Lunt, Ian A, Thomas, Robert E, Simpson, Christopher J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: alluvium; braided streams; Canada; channels; clastic sediments; digital terrain models; discharge; Floods; fluvial environment; fluvial features; frequency; Freshwater; geologic hazards; geomorphology; ground-penetrating radar; Hydrogeology; hydrology; radar methods; Rivers; rivers and streams; Sedimentary geology; Sedimentation & deposition; Sediments; South Saskatchewan River; stream sediments; streams; Western Canada
• ISSN: 0091-7613; 1943-2682
• DOI: 10.1130/G30861.1

Consideration of the origin of alluvial deposits and their paleoenvironmental interpretation has traditionally involved two schools of thought: that alluvial deposits are either the result of processes that, on average, have acted uniformly through time, or that they are related to exceptional events that occur infrequently. Despite the long-running debate of gradualism versus catastrophism within the earth sciences, there are surprisingly few quantitative data to assess the magnitude of events that produce alluvial sedimentary successions. We report on a unique natural experiment where surface (digital elevation model) and subsurface (ground penetrating radar) data were taken immediately prior to and after a large (1 in 40 yr) flood event on the sandy, braided South Saskatchewan River, Canada. Results show that although this high-magnitude flood reworked the entire braidplain, the scale of scour and style of deposition were similar to those associated with lower magnitude annual floods. The absence of a distinct imprint of this large flood within the deposits is related to the fact that as river discharge rises, and begins to flow over the bank, channel width increases at a much faster rate than flow depth, and thus the rate of increase in channel-bed shear stress declines. Hence, rather than being a product of either frequent or rare events, alluvial deposits are likely created by a range of different magnitude floods; however, discriminating between these different scale events in the rock record may be extremely difficult.