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Mercury in the marine boundary layer and seawater of the South China Sea: Concentrations, sea/air flux, and implication for land outflow

Using R/V Shiyan 3 as a sampling platform, measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), surface seawater total mercury (THg), methyl mercury (MeHg), and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) were carried out above and in the South China Sea (SCS). Measurements were collected for 2 weeks (10 to 28 Augu...

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Published in:Journal of Geophysical Research. B. Solid Earth 2010-03, Vol.115 (D6), p.n/a
Main Authors: Fu, Xuewu, Feng, Xinbin, Zhang, Gan, Xu, Weihai, Li, Xiangdong, Yao, Hen, Liang, Peng, Li, Jun, Sommar, Jonas, Yin, Runsheng, Liu, Na
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container_title Journal of Geophysical Research. B. Solid Earth
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creator Fu, Xuewu
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Yin, Runsheng
Liu, Na
description Using R/V Shiyan 3 as a sampling platform, measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), surface seawater total mercury (THg), methyl mercury (MeHg), and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) were carried out above and in the South China Sea (SCS). Measurements were collected for 2 weeks (10 to 28 August 2007) during an oceanographic expedition, which circumnavigated the northern SCS from Guangzhou (Canton), Hainan Inland, the Philippines, and back to Guangzhou. GEM concentrations over the northern SCS ranged from 1.04 to 6.75 ng m−3 (mean: 2.62 ng m−3, median: 2.24 ng m−3). The spatial distribution of GEM was characterized by elevated concentrations near the coastal sites adjacent to mainland China and lower concentrations at stations in the open sea. Trajectory analysis revealed that high concentrations of GEM were generally related to air masses from south China and the Indochina peninsula, while lower concentrations of GEM were related to air masses from the open sea area, reflecting great Hg emissions from south China and Indochina peninsula. The mean concentrations of THg, MeHg, and DGM in surface seawater were 1.2 ± 0.3 ng L−1, 0.12 ± 0.05 ng L−1, and 36.5 ± 14.9 pg L−1, respectively. In general, THg and MeHg levels in the northern SCS were higher compared to results reported from most other oceans/seas. Elevated THg levels in the study area were likely attributed to significant Hg delivery from surrounding areas of the SCS primarily via atmospheric deposition and riverine input, whereas other sources like in situ production by various biotic and abiotic processes may be important for MeHg. Average sea/air flux of Hg in the study area was estimated using a gas exchange method (4.5 ± 3.4 ng m−2 h−1). This value was comparable to those from other coastal areas and generally higher than those from open sea environments, which may be attributed to the reemission of Hg previously transported to this area.
doi_str_mv 10.1029/2009JD012958
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Measurements were collected for 2 weeks (10 to 28 August 2007) during an oceanographic expedition, which circumnavigated the northern SCS from Guangzhou (Canton), Hainan Inland, the Philippines, and back to Guangzhou. GEM concentrations over the northern SCS ranged from 1.04 to 6.75 ng m−3 (mean: 2.62 ng m−3, median: 2.24 ng m−3). The spatial distribution of GEM was characterized by elevated concentrations near the coastal sites adjacent to mainland China and lower concentrations at stations in the open sea. Trajectory analysis revealed that high concentrations of GEM were generally related to air masses from south China and the Indochina peninsula, while lower concentrations of GEM were related to air masses from the open sea area, reflecting great Hg emissions from south China and Indochina peninsula. The mean concentrations of THg, MeHg, and DGM in surface seawater were 1.2 ± 0.3 ng L−1, 0.12 ± 0.05 ng L−1, and 36.5 ± 14.9 pg L−1, respectively. 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B. Solid Earth</title><addtitle>J. Geophys. Res</addtitle><description>Using R/V Shiyan 3 as a sampling platform, measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), surface seawater total mercury (THg), methyl mercury (MeHg), and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) were carried out above and in the South China Sea (SCS). Measurements were collected for 2 weeks (10 to 28 August 2007) during an oceanographic expedition, which circumnavigated the northern SCS from Guangzhou (Canton), Hainan Inland, the Philippines, and back to Guangzhou. GEM concentrations over the northern SCS ranged from 1.04 to 6.75 ng m−3 (mean: 2.62 ng m−3, median: 2.24 ng m−3). The spatial distribution of GEM was characterized by elevated concentrations near the coastal sites adjacent to mainland China and lower concentrations at stations in the open sea. 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Res</addtitle><date>2010-03-25</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>115</volume><issue>D6</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>0148-0227</issn><issn>2169-897X</issn><eissn>2156-2202</eissn><eissn>2169-8996</eissn><abstract>Using R/V Shiyan 3 as a sampling platform, measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), surface seawater total mercury (THg), methyl mercury (MeHg), and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) were carried out above and in the South China Sea (SCS). Measurements were collected for 2 weeks (10 to 28 August 2007) during an oceanographic expedition, which circumnavigated the northern SCS from Guangzhou (Canton), Hainan Inland, the Philippines, and back to Guangzhou. GEM concentrations over the northern SCS ranged from 1.04 to 6.75 ng m−3 (mean: 2.62 ng m−3, median: 2.24 ng m−3). The spatial distribution of GEM was characterized by elevated concentrations near the coastal sites adjacent to mainland China and lower concentrations at stations in the open sea. 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identifier ISSN: 0148-0227
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source Wiley-Blackwell Read & Publish Collection; Wiley-Blackwell AGU Digital Archive
subjects Air masses
air/sea flux
Atmospheric sciences
Atmospherics
Boundary layers
Chemical analysis
Coastal zone
Elevated
Expeditions
Flux
Gas exchange
gaseous elemental mercury (GEM)
Geobiology
Geophysics
Marine
Mercury
Metals
methyl mercury (MeHg)
Methylmercury
Oceans
Peninsulas
Plant ecology
Sea water
Seawater
South China Sea (SCS)
Spatial distribution
total gaseous mercury (TGM)
total mercury (THg)
Water analysis
title Mercury in the marine boundary layer and seawater of the South China Sea: Concentrations, sea/air flux, and implication for land outflow
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