Long-term complications and risk of other serious infections following invasive Haemophilus influenzae serotype b disease in vaccinated children

• Published in: Vaccine 2010-03, Vol.28 (10), p.2195-2200
• Main Authors: Ladhani, Shamez, Heath, Paul T, Aibara, Rashna J, Ramsay, Mary E, Slack, Mary P.E, Hibberd, Martin L, Pollard, Andrew J, Moxon, E. Richard, Booy, Robert
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Allergy and Immunology; Antibiotics; Applied microbiology; Bacterial Capsules - administration & dosage; Bacterial Capsules - immunology; Bacteriology; Biological and medical sciences; Child; Child, Preschool; Children; Children & youth; Complications; Confidence intervals; Conjugate vaccine; Failure; Families & family life; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Haemophilus Infections - complications; Haemophilus Infections - microbiology; Haemophilus influenzae; Haemophilus influenzae type b - isolation & purification; Haemophilus Vaccines - administration & dosage; Haemophilus Vaccines - immunology; Hospitals; Humans; Infant; Infections; Laboratories; Male; Meningitis; Microbiology; Miscellaneous; Parents; Poisson density functions; Public health; Questionnaires; Regression models; Risk Factors; Sequelae; Statistical analysis; Surveys and Questionnaires; Treatment Failure; United Kingdom; Vaccination; Vaccines; Vaccines, antisera, therapeutical immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies (general aspects); Viral infections
• ISSN: 0264-410X; 1873-2518
• DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.057

Abstract This study describes the long-term complications in children with Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) vaccine failure and to determine their risk of other serious infections. The families of 323 children with invasive Hib disease after appropriate vaccination (i.e. vaccine failure) were contacted to complete a questionnaire relating to their health and 260 (80.5%) completed the questionnaire. Of the 124 children with meningitis, 18.5% reported serious long-term sequelae and a further 12.1% of parents attributed other problems to Hib meningitis. Overall, 14% (32/231 cases) of otherwise healthy children and 59% (17/29 cases) of children with an underlying condition developed at least one other serious infection requiring hospital admission. In a Poisson regression model, the risk of another serious infection was independently associated with the presence of an underlying medical condition (incidence risk ratio (IRR) 7.6, 95% CI 4.8–12.1; p < 0.0001), both parents having had a serious infection (IRR 4.1, 95% CI 1.6–10.3; p = 0.003), requirement of more than two antibiotic courses per year (IRR 2.3, 95% CI 1.4–3.6; p = 0.001) and the presence of a long-term complication after Hib infection (IRR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.1; p = 0.03). Thus, rates of long-term sequelae in children with vaccine failure who developed Hib meningitis are similar to those in unvaccinated children in the pre-vaccine era. One in seven otherwise healthy children (14%) with Hib vaccine failure will go on to suffer another serious infection requiring hospital admission in childhood, which is higher than would be expected for the UK paediatric population.