Watershed-based survey designs

Watershed-based sampling design and assessment tools help serve the multiple goals for water quality monitoring required under the Clean Water Act, including assessment of regional conditions to meet Section 305(b), identification of impaired water bodies or watersheds to meet Section 303(d), and de...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental monitoring and assessment 2005-04, Vol.103 (1-3), p.59-81
Main Authors: Detenbeck, Naomi E, Cincotta, Dan, Denver, Judith M, Greenlee, Susan K, Olsen, Anthony R, Pitchford, Ann M
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Assessments
Clean Water Act-US
Coastal
Coastal plains
Coastal streams
Data Collection - methods
Data Collection - standards
Databases, Factual
Environmental law
Environmental monitoring
Environmental Monitoring - methods
Environmental Monitoring - standards
Environmental protection
Fresh Water
Freshwater
Geographic Information Systems
Hydrography
Hydrology
Information Management
Mid-Atlantic Region
Monitoring
Rivers
Sampling
Streams
Topology
Water monitoring
Water Pollution - legislation & jurisprudence
Water quality
Water quality management
Water Supply - standards
Watersheds
West Virginia
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Summary:Watershed-based sampling design and assessment tools help serve the multiple goals for water quality monitoring required under the Clean Water Act, including assessment of regional conditions to meet Section 305(b), identification of impaired water bodies or watersheds to meet Section 303(d), and development of empirical relationships between causes or sources of impairment and biological responses. Creation of GIS databases for hydrography, hydrologically corrected digital elevation models, and hydrologic derivatives such as watershed boundaries and upstream-downstream topology of subcatchments would provide a consistent seamless nationwide framework for these designs. The elements of a watershed-based sample framework can be represented either as a continuous infinite set defined by points along a linear stream network, or as a discrete set of watershed polygons. Watershed-based designs can be developed with existing probabilistic survey methods, including the use of unequal probability weighting, stratification, and two-stage frames for sampling. Case studies for monitoring of Atlantic Coastal Plain streams, West Virginia wadeable streams, and coastal Oregon streams illustrate three different approaches for selecting sites for watershed-based survey designs.
ISSN:0167-6369
1573-2959
DOI:10.1007/s10661-005-4774-7