Lichens as Bioindicators of Atmospheric Heavy Metal Pollution in Singapore

Lichens have been used as bioindicators in various atmospheric pollution assessments in several countries. This study presents the first data on levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in lichens at different locations in Singapore, Southeast Asia. Singapore is a fully industrialised isl...

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Published in:Environmental monitoring and assessment 2006-12, Vol.123 (1-3), p.63-74
Main Authors: Ng, O.-H, Tan, B. C, Obbard, J. P
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Air Pollution
Analysis methods
Applied sciences
Arsenic - analysis
Arsenic - metabolism
Assessments
Atmospheric pollution
Atmospherics
Bioindicators
Cadmium
Copper
Dirinaria picta
Environmental assessment
Environmental monitoring
Environmental Monitoring - methods
Exact sciences and technology
Heavy metals
ICPMS
Indicator species
Lichens
Lichens - metabolism
Mass spectrometry
Metal concentrations
Metals
Metals, Heavy - analysis
Metals, Heavy - metabolism
Nickel
Petroleum industry
Pollution
Singapore
Soil Pollutants - analysis
Soil Pollutants - metabolism
Water pollution
Zinc
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description Lichens have been used as bioindicators in various atmospheric pollution assessments in several countries. This study presents the first data on levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in lichens at different locations in Singapore, Southeast Asia. Singapore is a fully industrialised island nation, with a prevailing tropical climate and a population of 4 million people within a confined land area of less than 700 km². The ubiquitous lichen species, Dirinaria picta was collected from six sample sites across Singapore and analysed for heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). No significant relationship existed between metal levels in lichen and soil, indicating that accumulated metals in lichen are primarily derived from the atmosphere. Peak concentrations of zinc (83.55 μg g-¹), copper (45.13 μg g-¹) and lead (16.59 μg g-¹) in lichens were found at Sembawang, Jurong and the National University of Singapore campus which are locations associated with heavy petroleum and shipping industries, and road traffic respectively. The mean heavy metal levels of lichen samples in Singapore were found to be at the upper range of values reported in the literature for temperate countries.
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Peak concentrations of zinc (83.55 μg g-¹), copper (45.13 μg g-¹) and lead (16.59 μg g-¹) in lichens were found at Sembawang, Jurong and the National University of Singapore campus which are locations associated with heavy petroleum and shipping industries, and road traffic respectively. 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source ABI/INFORM Global; Springer Nature
subjects Air Pollution
Analysis methods
Applied sciences
Arsenic - analysis
Arsenic - metabolism
Assessments
Atmospheric pollution
Atmospherics
Bioindicators
Cadmium
Copper
Dirinaria picta
Environmental assessment
Environmental monitoring
Environmental Monitoring - methods
Exact sciences and technology
Heavy metals
ICPMS
Indicator species
Lichens
Lichens - metabolism
Mass spectrometry
Metal concentrations
Metals
Metals, Heavy - analysis
Metals, Heavy - metabolism
Nickel
Petroleum industry
Pollution
Singapore
Soil Pollutants - analysis
Soil Pollutants - metabolism
Water pollution
Zinc
title Lichens as Bioindicators of Atmospheric Heavy Metal Pollution in Singapore
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