Partner Choice and Homogamy in the Nineteenth Century: Was There a Sexual Revolution in Europe?

• Published in: Journal of social history 2002-09, Vol.36 (1), p.101-123
• Main Authors: van Leeuwen, Marco H.D., Maas, Ineke
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 19th century; 19th century AD; Anthropology, Cultural - education; Anthropology, Cultural - history; Bundling; Childrearing practices; Children; Courtship; Demography; Employment - economics; Employment - history; Employment - legislation & jurisprudence; Employment - psychology; Europe; Europe - ethnology; European history; Family Health - ethnology; Family Relations - ethnology; Family Relations - legislation & jurisprudence; Fathers; Fraternal organizations; Historiography; History; History of medicine; History, 19th Century; Homogamy; Industrial development; Industrialization; Industry - economics; Industry - education; Industry - history; Industry - legislation & jurisprudence; Interpersonal Relations; Labor market; Labour market; Love; Marriage; Marriage - ethnology; Marriage - history; Marriage - legislation & jurisprudence; Marriage - psychology; Mate Selection; Men; Nineteenth Century; Occupations; Opposite Sex Relations; Parametric models; Parental Influence; Parents; Peers; Premarital Sex; Revolution; Sexual Behavior - ethnology; Sexual Behavior - history; Sexual Behavior - physiology; Sexual Behavior - psychology; Sexual behaviour; Sexual intercourse; Sexual liberation; Sexual Partners - psychology; Sexuality; Single Parent Family; Social aspects; Social Change - history; Social conditions & trends; Social Control; Social history; Social impact; Social Mobility - economics; Social Mobility - history; Social sciences and history; Social Values - ethnology; Spouses; Spouses - education; Spouses - ethnology; Spouses - history; Spouses - legislation & jurisprudence; Spouses - psychology; Sweden; Sweden - ethnology; Youth
• ISSN: 0022-4529; 1527-1897
• DOI: 10.1353/jsh.2002.0111

In this article long-term changes in homogamy during industrialization are studied. According to the 'sexual revolution thesis' of Shorter industrialization weakened homogamy mainly by changing the preferences of young people. Others point to the importance of changes in social control by parents and peers and in the opportunities of potential marriage partners to meet. Both ethnographic data on bundling and tables of occupational homogamy in Sweden in the nineteenth century are used to describe changes in homogamy and to shed light on potential causes of these changes. In particular it is tested whether homogamy weakened during industrialization and whether homogamy was weaker when parental control was less, as is the case with one parent families. The second claim was substantiated, the first claim only very partially so. Bundling with its clearly marked stages from communal nightly visits to intercourse as a prelude to marriage declined, but the proportion of men and women marrying outside their class did not rise consistently over time as industrialization progressed. Even after taking changing group sizes into account, there were no signs of decreasing homogamy. Thus the data do not support Shorter's theory of an increase in romantic love.