Is bisphenol A a weak carcinogen like the natural estrogens and diethylstilbestrol?

• Published in: IUBMB life 2010-10, Vol.62 (10), p.746-751
• Main Authors: Cavalieri, Ercole L., Rogan, Eleanor G.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Benzhydryl Compounds; Biomarkers, Tumor - urine; bisphenol A as carcinogen; Carcinogens - metabolism; catechol estrogen; Catechol O-Methyltransferase - metabolism; catechol quinones; Diethylstilbestrol - metabolism; DNA - genetics; DNA - metabolism; DNA Adducts - metabolism; Estradiol - metabolism; estrogens; Estrogens - metabolism; Estrogens, Catechol - metabolism; Estrogens, Non-Steroidal - metabolism; Humans; molecular mechanism of cancer initiation; Mutation; Phenols - metabolism; Phenols - urine; Quinones - metabolism
• ISSN: 1521-6543; 1521-6551
• DOI: 10.1002/iub.376

Bisphenol A (BPA) displays weak estrogenic properties and could be a weak carcinogen by a mechanism similar to that of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol, a human carcinogen. A wide variety of scientific evidence supports the hypothesis that certain estrogen metabolites, predominantly catechol estrogen‐3,4‐quinones, react with DNA to cause mutations that can lead to the initiation of cancer. One of the major pathways of estrogen metabolism leads to the 4‐catechol estrogens, 4‐OHE1(E2), which are oxidized to their quinones, E1(E2)‐3,4‐Q. The quinones react with DNA to form predominantly the depurinating adducts 4‐OHE1(E2)‐1‐N3Ade and 4‐OHE1(E2)‐1‐N7Gua. This process constitutes the predominant pathway in the initiation of cancer by estrogens. One pathway of BPA metabolism is hydroxylation of one of its symmetric benzene rings to form its catechol, 3‐OHBPA. Subsequent oxidation to BPA‐3,4‐quinone would lead to reaction with DNA to form predominantly the depurinating adducts 3‐OHBPA‐6‐N3Ade and 3‐OHBPA‐6‐N7Gua. The resulting apurinic sites in the DNA could generate mutations in critical genes that can initiate human cancers. The catechol of BPA may also alter expression of estrogen‐activating and deactivating enzymes, and/or compete with methoxylation of 4‐OHE1(E2) by catechol‐O‐methyltransferase, thereby unbalancing the metabolism of estrogens to increase formation of E1(E2)‐3,4‐Q and the depurinating estrogen‐DNA adducts leading to cancer initiation. Thus, exposure to BPA could increase the risk of developing cancer by direct and/or indirect mechanisms. Knowledge of these mechanisms would allow us to begin to understand how BPA may act as a weak carcinogen and would be useful for regulating its use. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(10): 746–751, 2010